الموضوع: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
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قديم 08-05-2010, 10:12 PM
المشاركة 88
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

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افتراضي رد: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
75

لاوتسو


Laozi (Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozǐ; Wade-Giles: Laosi; also Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tzu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations) was a philosopher of ancient China and is a central figure in Taoism (also spelled "Daoism"). Laozi literally means "Old Master" and is generally considered an honorific. Laozi is revered as a god in most religious forms of Taoism. Taishang Laojun is a title for Laozi in the Taoist religion, which refers to him as "One of the Three Pure Ones".
According to Chinese tradition, Laozi lived in the 6th century BC. Historians variously contend that Laozi is a synthesis of multiple historical figures, that he is a mythical figure, or that he actually lived in the 4th century BC, concurrent with the Hundred Schools of Thought and Warring States Period.[1] A central figure in Chinese culture, both nobility and common people claim Laozi in their lineage. Throughout history, Laozi's work was embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.


Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching), though its authorship has been debated throughout history.[2][3][4]
The earliest reliable reference (circa 100 BCE) to Laozi is found in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) by Chinese historian Sima Qian (ca. 145–86 BCE), which combines three stories. In the first, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of Confucius (551-479 BCE). His surname was Li (李 "plum"), and his personal name was Er (耳 "ear") or Dan (聃 "long ear"). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West. In the second, Laozi was Lao Laizi (老來子 "Old Master"), also a contemporary of Confucius, who wrote a book in 15 parts. In the third, Laozi was the Grand Historian and astrologer Lao Dan (老聃 "Old Long-ears"), who lived during the reign (384-362 BCE) of Duke Xian (獻公) of Qin).[5][6]
Popular legends say that he was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star, stayed in the womb for sixty-two years, and was born when his mother leaned against a plum tree. He accordingly emerged a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, which are a symbol of wisdom and long life.[7][8] In other versions he was reborn in some thirteen incarnations since the days of Fuxi; in his last incarnation as Laozi he lived to nine hundred and ninety years, and traveled to India to reveal the Dao.[9]
According to popular traditional biographies, he worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school, but he nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are numerous variations of a story depicting Confucius consulting Laozi about rituals.[10][11]
Many of the popular accounts say that Laozi married and had a son named Zong, who became a celebrated soldier. A large number of people trace their lineage back to Laozi, as the emperors of the Tang Dynasty did. According to Simpkins & Simpkins, many (if not all) of the lineages may be inaccurate. However, they are a testament to the impact of Laozi on Chinese culture.[13]
Traditional accounts state that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of city life and noted the kingdom's decline. According to these legends, he ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 160. At the western gate of the city, or kingdom, he was recognized by a guard. The sentry asked the old master to produce a record of his wisdom. This is the legendary origin of the Daodejing. In some versions of the tale, the sentry is so touched by the work that he leaves with Laozi to never be seen again. Some legends elaborate further that the "Old Master" was the teacher of the Buddha, or the Buddha himself.[10][14]
By the mid-twentieth century, a consensus had emerged among scholars that the historicity of Laozi was doubtful or unprovable and that the Daodejing was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands originating in the -4th century."[15] Alan Watts (1975) held that this view was part of an academic fashion for skepticism about historical spiritual and religious figures, arguing that not enough would be known for years, or possibly ever, to make a firm judgment.[16]

كتاب "لاوتسو" أي "الطريق وقوته" وهذا الكتاب هو أساس الديانه "التاوية".

إنه كتاب صغير أسلوبه جميل وفيه غموض يجعله قابلاً لكل أنواع التفسيرات والاجتهادات ، وأساس هذه الدراسة هو "التاو" أي الطريق ، ولكن الطريق نفسه يكتنفه بعض الغموض.

والكتاب نفسه يبدأ بهذه العبارة :
( إن الطريق الذي يوصف ، ليس هو الطريق الأبدي.)

ومذهب "التاوية" يقول:
(إن الإنسان يجب ألا يقاوم الطريق، وإنما يجب أن يعيش في وفاق معه )

ويقول أيضاً:
( إننا إذا تأملنا انسياب الماء من المكان المرتفع إلى المكان المنخفض، وإذا رأينا الماء يدور حول الأجسام التي تعترضه..فهذه الصوره تدل على أن الماء له طريق..له نظام لا يقاوم..ولا يمكن أن نوقف انسيابه..فالطريق المائي لا يمكن تحطيمه أو القضاء عليه..بينما نحن نرى أن أكثر الصخور صلابة يتحطم )

ويقول أيضاً:
( إن على الانسان أن يكون بسيطاً، وأن يكون سهلاً وأن تنساب حياته في هدوء، وليس أبغض من العنف والطمع والجشع، وليس للإنسان أن يصلح العالم ، إنما أن يتوافق معه، ولذلك فإكراه الناس ودفعهم إلى التآمر وإلى الحرب هو الشر الحقيقي للإنسان وللحكومات التي يكّونها أو يختارها )

ولم يتفق العلماء والمؤرخون على الزمن الذي ظهر فيه الرجل المسمى"لاوتسو" ، ولكن اتفق العلماء بشكل ما على انه عاش في 320 ق.م
واختلف العلماء على شخصية هذا الرجل، فبعضهم يرى أنه أسطورة ، وأنه لم يوجد قط ، وأن كتابه هذا ليس إلا مجموعة تعاليم أخلاقية نسبت إليه.

وهذا الكتاب "الطريق" رغم انه صغير جداً ، وأنه لم يزد على صفحة كاملة من أي كتاب متوسط ، إلا أن الأثر الذي تركه في معظم المذاهب الأخلاقيه والدينية في الصين واضح تماماً.
ويعتبر هذا الكتاب هو الأب الروحي للتعديلات التي أدخلت على البوذية وعلى مذهب "الزن".

ويقال إنه لا يوجد فيلسوف صيني واحد لم يضع هذا الكتاب أمامه مفتوحاً ويقرأ ويتأمل في الكلمات القليلة التي كتبها "لاوتسو".

فالرجل يطلب إلينا جميعاً أن نتوازى مع الطبيعة.
مع طبيعة الإنسان والإشياء ، وفي هذا التوازي والتوفيق تكمن الراحة النفسية والسلام العقلي والاجتماعي

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi

http://forums.fosta.net/index.php?showtopic=106298

- تقول الأسطورة أن أمه حملت فيه 62 سنه وهي تنظر الى نجم يهوي.
- ولد عندما اتكأت على جذع نخله.
- ولد كبير يتحدث وله لحية بيضاء.



مجهول