الموضوع: أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 09-12-2012, 09:14 AM
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Nikola Tesla
- Tesla was a renowned physicist, inventor, and engineer. He has made phenomenal contributions to science and has been classified as the “world’s greatest electrical engineer.” Nikola engaged in studying many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly had a photographic memory. Tesla had above average brain power and was an advanced thinker when compared to others of his time.

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ولد نيكولا تسلا لاب وام صربيين في قرية سميلجان, الإمبراطورية النمساوية بالقرب من مدينة جوسبيك, في منطقة تابعة لكرواتيا في الوقت الحاضر. والده ميلوتين تسلا, كاهن بالكنيسة الاورثوذوكسية الصربية. والدته ديوكا تسلا, كان والدها كاهن أرثوذكسي أيضا. كانت والدته تتقن صناعة الادوات المنزلية وتحفظ الكثير من القصائد الملحمية الصربية بالرغم من انها لم تتعلم القراءة. اشار كاتب السير الذاتية جون أونيل إلى ان والديه اتوا من غرب صربيا بالقرب من مونتينيجرو.
هو رابع خمسة أولاد, له اخ واحد أكبر منه(دانيلو, توفي عندما كان نيكولا بعمر الخامسة) وثلاث اخوات(ميلكا, انجلينا, ومارسيا). انتقلت عائلته لمدينة جوسبيك عام 1862. مما يدلل وبوضوح على عبقريته اختراعه للملف الكهربي وعمره 16 عام!!! وهو أول من حاول استخدام الكهرباء في التصوير إلا أن المنية عاجلته في فندق نيويورك، في السابع من يناير 1943... وقد تأثر بأعمال مكتشف الأشعة السينية "ويلهلم رونتجن" وقد حاول كذلك تصوير حركة التيارات الكهربية في الجسم البشري


Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American[1][2][3] inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He is best known for his contributions to the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. Tesla's patents and theoretical work helped form the basis of wireless communication and radio. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism were based on Michael Faraday's theories of electromagnetic technology.[4]
Born to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan (now in Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen.[5] Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio[6] and his contributions to the development of alternating current, the successful system in the "War of Currents", he is widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America.[7] He pioneered modern electrical engineering and made numerous groundbreaking discoveries. In the United States during this time Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture.[8] Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891[9] and aspired to achieve intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.[10]
In the 1930s, towards the end of his life, Tesla became reclusive, living alone in a New York City hotel room and only appearing occasionally to make unusual statements to the press. Because of his pronouncements and the nature of his work over the years, Tesla gained a reputation in popular culture as the archetypal "mad scientist".[13][14] He died penniless and in debt on 7 January 1943.
His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in 1960, in honor of Nikola Tesla the General Conference on Weights and Measures for the International System of Units dedicated the term "tesla" to the SI unit measure for magnetic field strength, and since the 1990s, Tesla's reputation has experienced a comeback in popular culture.[18][19] In 2005, he was listed amongst the top 100 nominees in the TV show "The Greatest American", an open access popularity poll conducted by AOL and The Discovery Channel.[20]

Early years (1856-1885)

Nikola Tesla was born on 10 July (O.S. 28 June) 1856 to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church.[21] Tesla's mother, Đuka Tesla (née Mandić), whose father was also a Serbian Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and for memorizing many Serbian epic poems, even though she had never learned how to read. Tesla's progenitors were from Western Serbia, near Montenegro.
Nikola was the fourth of five children, having an older brother, Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five, and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Some accounts claim that Tesla had caused the accident by frightening the horse.
In 1861, Nikola attended the Krajina "Lower" or "Primary" School in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.
In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Nikola's father worked as a pastor. Nikola completed Krajina "Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School".
In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, Croatia to attend school at Higher Real Gymnasium, where his math teacher, Martin Sekulić, profoundly influenced him.He was able to perform integral calculus in his head, leading his teachers to think that he was cheating. He finished a four-year term in just three years, graduating in 1873.
In 1873, after graduating from Higher Real Gymnasium, Tesla returned to his hometown, Smiljan, Croatia. Shortly after arriving, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Nikola's father, in a moment of despair, agreed to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illnes[ (his father originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).
In 1874, Tesla evaded a draft by escaping to Tomingaj, near Gračac. During this period of time, he explored the mountains in hunter's garb. Tesla claimed that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj, later claiming that Mark Twain's works helped him to miraculously recover from the illness.

In 1875, Tesla enrolled at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria on a Military Border scholarship. During his first year Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams[34][39] (nearly twice as many required[40]), started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of first rank." Tesla claimed that he worked from 3 A.M. to 11 P.M., no Sundays or holidays excepted. He was "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors."
After his father's death in 1879, Tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork. During his second year, Tesla came into conflict with Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo when Tesla suggested that commutators weren't necessary. At the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling. During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family. Tesla claimed that he "conquered [his] passion then and there", but he was known to play billiards in the U.S.. When exam time came, Tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study, but was denied. He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester.
In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family. He didn't want his parents to know that he had dropped out.[36] His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.[42] Tesla went to Marburg (now in Slovenia), where he was employed as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with the local man on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin Tesla came to Maribor to plead to his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown during this time.

On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness. During this year, Nikola taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospić.[
In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him flee] to Prague. Unfortunately, Tesla could not attend Charles-Ferdinand University because he arrived too tardy to enroll; never took Greek, which was required; and was illiterate in Czech, which was also required. Tesla did, however, attend lectures at the university as an auditor but did not receive grades for the courses.
In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Puskas at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office, instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional and Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.[48] During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier, which was never patented or publicly described

- ترتيبه الرابع بين اخوته وله اخ اكبر منه قتل عندما سقط عن ظهر حصان وعمر نقولا 5 سنوات ويقال انه تسبب في قتله.
- في عام 1870 ( وعمره 16 سنه ) أصيب بالكوليرا وظل مريض لمدة تسع اشهر وكاد ان يموت عدة مرات.
- مات ابوه عام 1879 ( وعمره 23 سنة )
- نظرا لطرده من الجامعة قطع علاقاته مع عائلة في عام 1878 . واعتقد اصدقاؤه انه غرق في النهر.
- اصيب بانهيار عصبي عام 1879 بعد فشل والده في اعادت الى البيت.
اختبر موت اخاه وهو ابن خمس سنوات كما انه كان على مشارف الموت اكثر من مرة. لا يعرف متى ماتت والدته لكن والده مات وعمره 23 سنة وأصيب في تلك السنة بانهيار عصبي.


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