الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
08-13-2010, 03:49 PM
المشاركة
4
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
رالف السون
إليسون، رالف
(1914م-1994م). كاتب أمريكي أسود، اسمه رالف والدو إليسون ، ولد في مدينة أوكلاهوما. واشتهر بروايته
الرجل الخفي
(1952م)، والتي يكشف من خلالها عن المشكلات التي كان يتعرض لها السود في بحثهم عن الكرامة والمساواة والمكانة اللائقة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وهي تحكي قصة أحد السود من الولايات الجنوبية، كان يسعى إلى مكانة لائقة في المجتمع. كان يسمح للآخرين بتحديد دوره ومكانته. وفي الجنوب كان يقوم بذلك جده ووالداه والقادة البيض فقط، ولكن بعد طرده من كلية السود، ذهب إلى الشمال. وهناك سمع عن مفاهيم جديدة تحدد دوره في المجتمع، من الوطنيين السود ودعاة الشيوعية. ولكن كل هذه المفاهيم والمبادئ خيبت أمله. وخلال أعمال شغب قرر التخلي عن ذلك كله، وأدرك أن عليه استعمال عقله وماورثه من ثقافة لكي يطور مفاهيمه الخاصة عن دوره في الحياة.
والرواية عمل معقد يستعمل فيه إليسون رموزاً لتدل على مفاهيم عديدة. أحد هذه المفاهيم أن الأمريكيين البيض يرفضون “النظر” إلى السود باعتبارهم أفرادًا رئيسيين في المجتمع الأمريكي، ولذا فإن السود يصبحون “غير مرئيين”. ومن ناحية أخرى يقترح إليسون أن على كل الأمريكيين أن يناضلوا حتى لا تضيع إنسانيتهم.
تتضمن كتابات إليسون عددًا من القصص القصيرة. كما نشر مجموعتين من الروايات وأعمالاً أخرى منها:
الظل والعمل
(1964م)؛
في الطريق إلى الأقاليم
(1986م).
Ralph Ellison
Ralph Waldo Ellison was born March 1, 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to
Lewis Alfred and Ida Millsap Ellison.
The death of Lewis Ellison in 1917 left Ida, Ralph, and his younger brother Herbert quite poor
. To support the family, Ida worked as a domestic and stewardess at the Avery Chapel Afro-Methodist Episcopal Church. The family moved into the parsonage and Ellison was brought into close contact with the minister's library. Literature was a destined medium for Ellison, whose father named him after Ralph Waldo Emerson and hoped that he would be a poet. His enthusiasm for reading was encouraged over the years of his youth by his mother bringing books and magazines home for him from the houses she cleaned. In addition, a black episcopal priest in the city challenged the white custom of barring blacks from the public library and the custom was overturned. Ellison's horizons were broadened to a world outside his own sheltered life in Oklahoma City, by the many books now available to him in the library.
-----Ralph also never forgot the day in Salter's grocery store when he watched his father climb some steps and attempt to hoist a hundred-pound block of ice into a cabinet. When a shard of ice pierced his stomach, Lewis Ellison staggered and collapsed.
Ralph remembered the lingering illness, the internal wound that would not heal, the decision to operate, and their last visit together in the hospital. As he prepared to leave with his mother, his father slipped a blue cornflower into Ralph's lapel and gave him pink and yellow wildflowers from a vase on a windowsill. Then his father was wheeled away and Ralph saw his father alive for the last time. "I could see his long legs," Ralph would write (the emphasis his own), "his knees propped up and his toes flexing as he rested there with his arms folded over his chest, looking at me quite calmly, like a kindly king in his bath. I had only a glimpse, then we were past." The official death certificate identified the cause of death as "Ulcer of stomach followed by puncture of same." He was thirty-nine years old.
Ralph's life was changed forever. So, too, were the lives of his mother and his brother, Herbert Maurice Ellison, who was then only a few weeks old. The emotional cost was incalculable, and in all matters involving money the change was a disaster. Ahead lay years of shabby rented rooms, hand-me-down clothing, second-rate meals, sneers and slights from people better off, and a pinched, scuffling way of life. For the Ellisons, Oklahoma City took on a radically new character. Almost every aspect of Ralph's life became tougher, sadder. He would take many years to recover fully from the shock of his father's death, if he ever did
"
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