٣- اسحق نيوتن يتيم قبل الولادة

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السير إسحاق نيوتن (بالإنجليزية: Isaac Newton) ‏ (25 ديسمبر 1642 - 20 مارس 1727) عالم إنجليزي يعد من أبرز العلماء مساهمة في الفيزياء والرياضيات عبر العصور وأحد رموز الثورة العلمية. شغل نيوتن منصب رئيس الجمعية الملكية، كما كان عضوًا في البرلمان الإنجليزي، إضافة إلى توليه رئاسة دار سك العملة الملكية، وزمالته لكلية الثالوث في كامبريدج وهو ثاني أستاذ لوكاسي للرياضيات في جامعة كامبريدج. أسس كتابه الأصول الرياضية للفلسفة الطبيعية الذي نشر لأول مرة عام 1687، لمعظم مبادئ الميكانيكا الكلاسيكية. كما قدم نيوتن أيضًا مساهمات هامة في مجال البصريات، وشارك غوتفريد لايبنتز في وضع أسس التفاضل والتكامل.
صاغ نيوتن قوانين الحركة وقانون الجذب العام التي سيطرت علي رؤية العلماء للكون المادي للقرون الثلاثة التالية. كما أثبت أن حركة الأجسام على الأرض والأجسام السماوية يمكن وصفها وفق نفس مبادئ الحركة والجاذبية. وعن طريق اشتقاق قوانين كبلر من وصفه الرياضي للجاذبية، أزال نيوتن آخر الشكوك حول صلاحية نظرية مركزية الشمس كنموذج للكون.
صنع نيوتن أول مقراب عاكس عملي، ووضع نظرية عن الألوان مستندًا إلى ملاحظاته التي توصل إليها باستخدام تحليل موشور مشتت للضوء الأبيض إلى ألوان الطيف المرئي، كما صاغ قانون عملي للتبريد ودرس سرعة الصوت. بالإضافة إلى تأسيسه لحساب التفاضل والتكامل، ساهم نيوتن أيضًا في دراسة متسلسلات القوى ونظرية ذات الحدين، ووضع طريقة نيوتن لتقريب جذور الدوال.
كان نيوتن مسيحيًا متدينًا، لكن بصورة غير تقليدية. فقد رفض أن يأخذ بالتعاليم المقدسة للأنجليكانية، ربما لأنه رفض الإيمان بمذهب الثالوث. أمضى نيوتن أيضًا أوقاتًا طويلة في دراسة الخيمياء وتأريخ العهد القديم، إلا أن معظم أعماله في هذين المجالين ظلت غير منشورة حتى بعد فترة طويلة من وفاته.

In science, Isaac Newton (1642-1727) (193-277 PE) (0-84 ME) (GR:1) (RE=84) (IQ:220|#2) (CR=509|#4) was an English physicist, mathematician, philosopher, and chemist noted for his 1686 The Principia, in which the theory of universal gravitation, three laws of motion, and the concept of "force" were put forward, and the 1704 Opticks, a latter edition of which (1718) led to the start of the chemical revolution, in particular the description of chemical force and affinity tendencies in the famous “Query 31”.

Halley | Wren | Hooke
In Jan 1684, Edmond Halley, Christopher Wren, and Robert Hooke were engaged in an animated conversation, either over drinks before a roaring fire (Christianson, 1988), or at a coffee house in London (?), on the topic of why planets traveled in ellipses, according to which, either Hooke or Halley, or both, depending on story, claimed to have solved the problem, via the theory that the inward force of attraction between planets and the sun must decrease in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them. Wren, to settle the matter, offered them either a large sum or money or book worth forty shillings to whoever could come up with the mathematical means of proving their theory. Hooke, supposedly, claimed to have solved the problem, “but would conceal the solution for some time so that others trying and failing might know how to value it, when he should make it public.”

In Aug 1684, Wren went to Cambridge to see if Newton had the solution, the event of which, as recounted by French mathematician Abraham de Moivre, to whom Newton related the event in his later years, is as follows:

“In 1684, Halley came to visit Newton at Cambridge, after they had been some time together, Halley asked him what he thought the curve would be that would be described by the planets supposing the force of attraction towards the sun be reciprocal to the square of their distance from it. Newton replied immediately that it would be an ellipsis; Hooke, struck with hoy and amazement, asked him how he knew it, to which Newton said that he had calculated it, whereupon Halley asked him for his calculation. Without any further delay, Newton looked among his papers, but could not find it, but he promised him to renew it, and send it.”

Newton then spent the following three months laboring over a nine-page document titled “On the Motion of Revolving Bodies”, which he finished in Nov and sent to Halley in London. Newton then went into the Gibbsian flow state, of standing focused work, and over the course of the next 18-months produced his 550-page treatise Principia. [10]

Religion
The subject of Newton and religion, supposedly, is a large topic. To put things into perspective, in 1619, when Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), derived his three laws of planetary motion, on the nature of elliptical orbits, based on astronomical observations made by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), data which provided one of the key foundations for Newton’s theory of universal gravitation (1687), scientists, nearly unanimously, not only believed in God or gods, but also, Kepler being one example, believed that the planets were pushed around by "angels" beating their wings.

“God who gave animals self-motion beyond our understanding is without doubt able to implant other principles of motion in bodies which we may understand as little. Some would readily grant this may be a spiritual one; yet a mechanical one might be shown.”
— Isaac Newton (1674), philosophical query notes: [5]

Newton, to give one example of religious theory objection, had certain issues with the Julian calender dating system and would objectionably not label years as AD, but instead used AC (Anno Christum), signifying is objection to the argument of the existence of the trinity, namely his view that a person named Jesus may have existed, may have been the son of God, and may have been christened or arisen, but definitely was not the ‘Lord’ or God. [5