Isaac Newton | Corpuscular theory of light (1670s
Christiaan Huygens | Wave theory of light (1678)

Thomas Young | Double-slit experiment (1801)

Michael Faraday | Lines of force (1830s)



James Maxwell | electromagnetic field (1865)

Albert Einstein | light quanta (photon) (1905)

1865 James Maxwell"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"1649-present

1- بيير جاسندي انضم الى مدرسة داخلية وهو في سن السابعة وهو يعتبر نوع من اليتم الاجتماعي كما انه يتيم الاب في سن الـ 19 .

من مواليد(22 يناير 1592 - 24 أكتوبر 1655) هو فيلسوففرنسيوعالم فلكورياضياتي.

Pierre Gassendi's parents were Françoise Fabry and Antoine Gassend. Note that the fact there is no "i" on the end of Gassend is not a misprint. In fact Pierre Gassendi was actually given the name Pierre Gassend and only later used the now familiar Gassendi form. The family were peasant farmers, but there is some suggestion that Antoine may have owned the land he farmed which would mean the family were not too poor. Pierre spent his childhood in the village of Champtercier. He was quite a frail child but showed an enthusiasm for reading and writing at a young age. His uncle, Thomas Fabry, was the parish priest and he gave the young Pierre a good educational grounding.
When Pierre was seven years old he was sent to school in Digne, a much larger town across the valley about 10 km from Champtercier. There he learnt Latin and arithmetic and, except for a year spent at school in Riez, he remained in Digne until 1607 [5]:-

At the age of eleven he so impressed the Bishop of Digne with an oration delivered in Latin at the church in Champtercier that the Bishop is said to have declared that "this child will one day be the marvel of his century." On the secular side, during his last two years at school in Digne the young Gassendi composed prosimetric farces in Latin for his fellow schoolboys to perform in the large houses of the town.

In 1607, Gassendi left school in Digne and returned to his native village of Champtercier where he spent the next two years. Then in the autumn of 1609 he went to the University of Aix-en-Provence to study philosophy under Père Philibert Fesaye. He clearly was an exceptional student for when Fesaye was absent he asked Gassendi to take the lecture in his place. From 1611, Gassendi studied theology under Professor Raphaelis and, as part of the course, he learnt Greek and Hebrew. While he was studying at Aix, his father Antoine Gassend died (in 1611).