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Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an Englishauthor, playwright and literary critic. His works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Greene was notable for his ability to combine serious literary acclaim with widespread popularity.
ولد جرهام جرين عام 1904 من أصل انجليزي وتبحث كتبه في مجال أخلاقيات العمل السياسي في الحياة الحضارة
Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a Roman Catholic novelist rather than as a novelist who happened to be Catholic, Catholic religious themes are at the root of much of his writing, especially the four major Catholic novels: Brighton Rock, The Power and the Glory, The Heart of the Matter and The End of the Affair.[3] Several works such as The Confidential Agent, The Third Man, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana and The Human Factor also show an avid interest in the workings of international politics and espionage.
Greene suffered from bipolar disorder,[] which had a profound effect on his writing and personal life. In a letter to his wife Vivien, he told her that he had "a character profoundly antagonistic to ordinary domestic life", and that "unfortunately, the disease is also one's material".
عانى جرين من مرض نفسي والذي اثر بشكل كبير على كتاباته وحياته الشخصية وكان قد اخبر زوجته بأنه يمتلك شخصية معادية للمجتمع

Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School on Chesham Road in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, when his father was housemaster.
ولد في منزل تابع لمدرسة داخلية عندما كان والده مدير المنزل
He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer.
كان الرابع من بين ستة اخوة
His mother, Marion Raymond Greene, was an aloof woman who kept an emotional distance from her children.
والدته كانت بليدة عاطفيا وابقت على مسافة بينها وبين ابنائها
Greene shared his early childhood years with his paternal uncle and aunt and their six children, the “wealthy Greenes” as he referred to them, who resided in the Hall at Berkhamsted from 1910 until about 1926.
قضى جرين سنوات طفولته في منزل قريب له غني وكان في المنزل 6 اطفال وكان يطلق عليهم جرين ( الاغنياء )
His uncle’s house was important to him for a second reason, for it was here that Greene first discovered the pleasure of reading, most notably Dixon Brett, ...
http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1864
في ذلك المنزل قرأ الكثير من الكتب
His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were second cousins; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist Ben Greene, whose politics led to his internment during World War II.
In 1910 Charles Greene succeeded Dr Fry as headmaster of Berkhamsted.
Graham also attended the school as a boarder. Bullied and profoundly depressed he made several suicide attempts; including, as he wrote in his autobiography, by Russian roulette and by taking aspirin before going swimming in the school pool.
درس في مدرسة داخلية تلك التي كان يعمل فيها والده وقد عانا فيها من معاملة زملاؤه حيث أصيب بالكآبة وحاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة بما في ذلك لعبة المسدس الروسية كما كتب في مذكراته ومن خلال تناول الأسبرين قبل الذهاب للسباحة في بركة المدرسة
In 1920, aged 16, in what was a radical step for the time, he was sent for psychoanalysis for six months in London, afterwards returning to school as a day student. School friends included Claud Cockburn the satirist, and Peter Quennell the historian.
أرسل في سن السادسة عشرة إلى طبيب نفسي وهو أمر لم يكن مألوف في ذلك الوقت
In 1922 he was for a short time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.
في عام 1922 أصبح عضو في الحزب الشيوعي البريطاني لمدة قصيرة
In 1925, while an undergraduate at Balliol College, Oxford, his first work, a poorly received volume of poetry entitled Babbling April, was published. Greene suffered from periodic bouts of depression whilst at Oxford, and largely kept to himself. Of Greene's time at Oxford, his contemporary Evelyn Waugh noted that: "Graham Greene looked down on us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious. He certainly shared in none of our revelry.
خلال دراسته في الكلية في اكسفورد أصيب بحالة اكتئاب متكررة
After graduating with a second-class degree in history, he worked for a period of time as a private tutor and then turned to journalism – first on the Nottingham Journal, and then as a sub-editor on The Times.
عمل في مجال الصحافة
While in Nottingham he started corresponding with Vivien Dayrell-Browning, a Catholic convert, who had written to him to correct him on a point of Catholic doctrine. Greene was an agnostic at the time, but when he began to think about marrying Vivien, it occurred to him that, as he puts it in A Sort of Life, he "ought at least to learn the nature and limits of the beliefs she held". In his discussions with the priest to whom he went for instruction, he argued "on the ground of dogmatic atheism", as his primary difficulty was what he termed the "if" surrounding God's existence.
درس الكاثوليكية من منطلق الملحد لانه تزوج من أمراة كاثوليكية وتحول لها في العام 1926
However, he found that "after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable". Greene converted to Catholicism in 1926 (described in A Sort of Life) when he was baptised in February of that year. He married Vivien in 1927; and they had two children, Lucy Caroline (b. 1933) and Francis (b. 1936). In 1948 Greene separated amicably from Vivien. Although he had other relationships, he never divorced or remarried.
Throughout his life Greene travelled far from England, to what he called the world's wild and remote places. The travels led to him being recruited into MI6 by his sister, Elisabeth, who worked for the organisation; and he was posted to Sierra Leone during the Second World War.Kim Philby, who would later be revealed as a Soviet double agent, was Greene's supervisor and friend at MI6. As a novelist he wove the characters he met and the places where he lived into the fabric of his novels.
سافر كثيرا بعيدا عن انجلترا إلى حد أن أخته التي كانت تعمل مع جهاز المخابرات ام 16 البريطاني جعلته يعمل للجهاز وتم تكليفه بمهمة في سيراليون
Greene first left Europe at 30 years of age in 1935 on a trip to Liberia that produced the travel book Journey Without Maps. His 1938 trip to Mexico, to see the effects of the government's campaign of forced anti-Catholic secularisation, was paid for by Longman's, thanks to his friendship with Tom Burns. That voyage produced two books, the factual The Lawless Roads (published as Another Mexico in the U.S.) and the novel The Power and the Glory. In 1953 the Holy Office informed Greene that The Power and the Glory was damaging to the reputation of the priesthood; but later, in a private audience with Greene, Pope Paul VI told him that, although parts of his novels would offend some Catholics, he should not pay attention to the criticism.[20] Greene travelled to Haiti which was under the rule of dictator François Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc", where the story of The Comedians (1966) took place. The owner of the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince, where Greene frequently stayed, named a room in his honour.


After his apparently benign involvement in a financial scandal, Greene chose to leave Britain in 1966, moving to Antibes, to be close to Yvonne Cloetta, whom he had known since 1959, a relationship that endured until his death.
انتقل في العام 1966 للعيش في عنتابه Antibes وحافظ هناك على علاقة مع يفاني كلوتا حتى مماته
In 1973, Greene had an uncredited cameo appearance as an insurance company representative in François Truffaut's film Day for Night. In 1981 he was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, awarded to writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society. One of his final works, the pamphlet J'Accuse – The Dark Side of Nice (1982), concerns a legal matter embroiling him and his extended family in Nice. He declared that organized crime flourished in Nice, because the city's upper levels of civic government had protected judicial and police corruption. The accusation provoked a libel lawsuit that he lost. In 1994, after his death, he was vindicated, when the former mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin, was imprisoned for corruption and associated crimes.
مات عام 1991 وعاش آخر سنوات حياته في جنيف
He lived the last years of his life in Vevey, on Lake Geneva, in Switzerland, the same town Charlie Chaplin was living in at this time. He visited Chaplin often, and the two were good friends. His book Doctor Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party (1980) bases its themes on combined philosophic and geographic influences. He had ceased going to mass and confession in the 1950s, but in his final years began to receive the sacraments again from Father Leopoldo Durán, a Spanish priest, who became a friend. He died at age 86 of leukemia[3] in 1991 and was buried in Corseaux cemetery.
He writes in his autobiography that he spent his university years drunk and debt-ridden. However, it was here that Greene gained experience as an editor at The Oxford Outlook;
كتب في مذكراته بأنه قضى أيام دراسته الجامعية مخمورا ومديونا

A stranger with no shortage of calling cards: devout Catholic, lifelong adulterer, pulpy hack, canonical novelist; self-destructive, meticulously disciplined, deliriously romantic, bitterly cynical; moral relativist, strict theologian, salon communist, closet monarchist; civilized to a stuffy fault and louche to drugged-out distraction, anti-imperialist crusader and postcolonial parasite, self-excoriating and self-aggrandizing, to name just a few.
The Nation, describing the many facets of Graham Greene[
—Graham Greene

==
-ولد جرهام جرين عام 1904 من أصل انجليزي وتبحث كتبه في مجال أخلاقيات العمل السياسي في الحياة الحضارة
-عانى جرين من مرض نفسي والذي اثر بشكل كبير على كتاباته وحياته الشخصية وكان قد اخبر زوجته بأنه يمتلك شخصية معادية للمجتمع
-ولد في منزل تابع لمدرسة داخلية عندما كان والده مدير المنزل
-كان الرابع من بين ستة اخوة
-والدته كانت بليدة عاطفيا وابقت على مسافة بينها وبين ابنائها
-قضى جرين سنوات طفولته في منزل قريب له غني وكان في المنزل 6 أطفال وكان يطلق عليهم جرين ( الأغنياء )
- في ذلك المنزل قرأ الكثير من الكتب
-درس في مدرسة داخلية تلك التي كان يعمل فيها والده وقد عانا فيها من معاملة زملاؤه حيث أصيب بالكآبة وحاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة بما في ذلك لعبة المسدس الروسية كما كتب في مذكراته ومن خلال تناول الأسبرين قبل الذهاب للسباحة في بركة المدرسة
-أرسل في سن السادسة عشرة إلى طبيب نفسي وهو أمر لم يكن مألوف في ذلك الوقت
-في عام 1922 أصبح عضو في الحزب الشيوعي البريطاني لمدة قصيرة
-خلال دراسته في الكلية في اكسفورد أصيب بحالة اكتئاب متكررة
-عمل في مجال الصحافة
-درس الكاثوليكية من منطلق الملحد لانه تزوج من أمرآة كاثوليكية وتحول لها في العام 1926
-سافر كثيرا بعيدا عن انجلترا إلى حد أن أخته التي كانت تعمل مع جهاز المخابرات ام 16 البريطاني جعلته يعمل للجهاز وتم تكليفه بمهمة في سيراليون
-انتقل في العام 1966 للعيش في عنتابه Antibes وحافظ هناك على علاقة مع يفاني كلوتا حتى مماته
-مات عام 1991 وعاش آخر سنوات حياته في جنيف
-كتب في مذكراته بأنه قضى أيام دراسته الجامعية مخمورا ومديونا

لدية مجموعة من الأزمات التي عصفت به في طفولته لكن أهم عنصر ربما كان له تأثير عليه هو عيشه بعيدا عن العائلة حيث سكن مع أقارب له وبلادة أمه عاطفيا. لا يعرف متى توفي والديه ولكن ظروفه المأساوية ثم دراسته في مدرسة داخلية أدت على ما يبدو إلى مرض نفسي حيث حاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة.

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