الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 06-14-2011, 09:55 PM
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الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
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يتمه: ماتت امه وهو صغير.
مجاله : مصلح ديني اسكتلندي.

John Knox (ولد 1510 - توفى 24 نوفمبر 1572) مصلح ديني اسكتلندي وقائد حركة الإصلاح البروتستانتي كانت له اليد الطولى في نقل البلاد من الكاثوليكية إلى البروتستانتية.
بدأ نوكس نشاطه عام 1542 فاتهمه البابا بالهرطقة وسجن مدة في فرنسا وعمل في إحدى سفن العبيد نحو سنة ونصف وذهب إلى إنجلترا بعد الإفراج عنه وفي جينيف تم إحراق تمثال له بتهمة الهرطقة، كان جون كالفين يستشيره في أمر الكنيسة.
في عام 1559 عاد نوكس إلى اسكتلندا عندما اشتد الصراع بين الكاثوليك والبروتستانت بقيادة النبلاء البروتستانت فتزعمهم وفي السنة اللاحقة أسس الكنيسة البريسبيتارية أو المشيخية التي ألغت سلطة البابا، مما حدا بإليزابيث الأولى ملكة إنكلترا التدخل لفرض الدين الجديد، وحل السلام بشكل نسبي حتى وصول الملكة ماري ستيوارت الكاثوليكية من فرنسا.
حدثت خلافات بين نوكس والتاج واعتقل في إحداها بتهمة الخيانة حيث كان عنيفا في انتقاداته وشكك في تعاليم ماري ورغم مهارتها ومنطقها في المناظرات بينهما فقد اكتسب نوكس حب الشعب وعقله عليها، وعند إعدام إعدام ماري كانت اسكتلندا قد أصبحت كاثوليكية.
John Knox (c. 1514 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and a leader of the Protestant Reformation who brought reformation to the church in Scotland. He was educated at the University of St Andrews and was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1536. Influenced by early church reformers such as George Wishart, he joined the movement to reform the Scottish church. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of Cardinal Beaton in 1546 and the intervention of the regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549.
While in exile, Knox was licensed to work in the Church of England, where he quickly rose in the ranks to serve King Edward VI of England as a royal chaplain. In this position, he exerted a reforming influence on the text of the Book of Common Prayer. In England he met and married his first wife, Marjorie. When Mary Tudor ascended the throne and re-established Roman Catholicism, Knox was forced to resign his position and leave the country.
Knox first moved to Geneva and then to Frankfurt. In Geneva, he met John Calvin, from whom he gained experience and knowledge of Reformed theology and Presbyterian polity. He created a new order of service, which was eventually adopted by the reformed church in Scotland. He left Geneva to head the English refugee church in Frankfurt but he was forced to leave over differences concerning the liturgy, thus ending his association with the Church of England.
On his return to Scotland, he led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, in partnership with the Scottish Protestant nobility. The movement may be seen as a revolution, since it led to the ousting of Mary of Guise, who governed the country in the name of her young daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. Knox helped write the new confession of faith and the ecclesiastical order for the newly created reformed church, the Kirk. He continued to serve as the religious leader of the Protestants throughout Mary's reign. In several interviews with the queen, Knox admonished her for supporting Catholic practices. Eventually, when she was imprisoned for her alleged role in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, and James VI enthroned in her stead, he openly called for her execution. He continued to preach until his final days.
John Knox was born sometime between 1505 and 1515in or near Haddington, the county town of East Lothian.[2] His father, William Knox, was a farmer. All that is known of his mother is that her maiden name was Sinclair and that she died when John Knox was a child.
Knox was probably educated at the grammar school in Haddington. In his time, the priesthood was the only path for those whose inclinations were academic rather than mercantile or agricultural.[4] He proceeded to further studies at the University of St Andrews or possibly at the University of Glasgow. He studied under John Major, one of the greatest scholars of the time.[5]
Knox first appears in public records as a priest and a notary in 1540. He was still serving in these capacities as late as 1543 when he described himself as a "minister of the sacred altar in the diocese of St. Andrews, notary by apostolic authority" in a notarial deed dated 27 March.[6] Rather than taking up parochial duties in a parish, he became tutor to two sons of Hugh Douglas of Longniddry. He also taught the son of John Cockburn of Ormiston. Both of these lairds had embraced the new religious ideas of the Reformation, which were sweeping Europe