الموضوع: اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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قديم 12-30-2012, 04:26 PM
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الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

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افتراضي
by Franz Kafka, Bohemia, (1883-1924)
القاهرة: أعاد المركز القومي للترجمة في مصر نشر الترجمة العربية لرواية " القصر " للروائي الالماني الشهير فرانز كافكا، وقام بترجمتها الدكتور مصطفى ماهر أستاذ اللغة الالمانية بجامعة عين شمس، وذلك عن سلسلة "ميراث الترجمة" المعنية بإعادة نشر الترجمات المتميزة.
وقد صدرت الطبعة الأولى من هذه الترجمة عام 1971 عن الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، وتتضمن الطبعة الصادرة عن المركز القومي للترجمة من رواية " القصر " مقدمة قصيرة حول كافكا وأعماله وموقعها في الأدب العالمي المعاصر كما يفرد المترجم بضع صفحات لتناول رواية " القصر " في سياق مجمل أعمال كافكا التي نشرت غالبيتها بعد وفاته.
ويشير المترجم د.مصطفى ماهر إلى أن " القصر " ظهرت لأول مرة عام 1926 وتوالت طبعاتها وأضيفت لها مع كل طبعة فقرات جديدة لم تكن معروفة من قبل، وبحسب المترجم فلا تزال الشكوك قائمة حول الصورة التي ينبغي أن تكون عليها الرواية وإن كان من المستبعد أن يكون النص قد ناله التحريف.
كتبت رواية "القصر" ما بين عامي 1921 و1922 وقد كتبها كافكا في مرحلة وصل في تأملاته الذاتية إلى أنه أفسد حياته وأضنى بدنه ولم يصل إلى شيء حسبما سجل في يومياته. والشائع أن الرواية فيها الكثير من تفاصيل عاشها كافكا في حياته.
ويكشف مصطفى ماهر في المقدمة الكثير من الجدل الذي دار بين نقاد العالم بشأن رواية "القصر"، فهناك من ذهب إلى أنها عمل فني لا يقصد إلى شيء أخر سوى الفن، ولهذا لامحل فيها للأفكار الفلسفية، وفيها ابتكر كافكا الأسلوب الذي يحول الأحلام إلى كلام ومن الأفضل للقاريء أن يفهمها باعتبارها جملة من الأحلام، في حين أعتبرها عدد من النقاد أنها شأن بقية أعمال صاحبها تبين حدود التفكير الإنساني، بينما اهتم أخرون بإبراز عناصر النقد الاجتماعي فيها من خلال تحليل نموذج البطل " ك " داخل الرواية.
ويرى د.ماهر أن " ك " رمز اتخذه كافكا ليعبر عن مقومات الحياة وأن كان يعتقد ان النص الروائي ذاته قابل لتأويلات أخرى، مصدرها تعقد عالم كافكا ذاته والتي رفض كافكا أن يحدد فيها طرق النجاة وآثر دائما أن يلقي الأسئلة بدلا من تقديم إجابات.
يذكر أن معظم أعمال كافكا ترجمت إلى العربية وأبرزها " المحاكمة / مستوطنة العقاب / طبيب قروي وقصص أخرى" وكانت كتابات كافكا قد تعرضت للحرق على يد النظام النازي إبان حكم هتلر، وتعرضت مؤلفاته إجمالا لموقفين متناقضين من الدول الشيوعية في القرن الماضي، بدأت بالمنع والمصادرة وانتهت بالترحيب والدعم
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'K. kept feeling that he had lost himself, or was further away in a strange land than anyone had ever been before' A remote village covered almost permanently in snow and dominated by a castle and its staff of dictatorial, sexually predatory bureaucrats - this is the setting for Kafka's story about a man seeking both acceptance in the village and access to the castle. Kafka breaks new ground in evoking a dense village community fraught with tensions, and recounting an often poignant, occasionally farcical love-affair. He also explores the relation between the individual and power, and asks why the villagers so readily submit to an authority which may exist only in their collective imagination. Published only after Kafka's death, The Castle appeared in the same decade as modernist masterpieces by Eliot, Joyce, Woolf, Mann and Proust, and is among the central works of modern literature. This translation follows the text established by critical scholarship, and manuscript variants are mentioned in the notes. The introduction provides guidance to the text without reducing the reader's own freedom to make sense of this fascinatingly enigmatic novel.ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.
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The Castle (German: Das Schloss) is a novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist, known only as K., struggles to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village for unknown reasons. Kafka died before finishing the work, but suggested it would end with the Land Surveyor dying in the village; the castle notifying him on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was permitted to live and work there". Dark and at times surreal, The Castle is about alienation, bureaucracy, the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unobtainable goal.
History of the novel

Kafka began writing The Castle on the evening of 27 January 1922, the day he arrived at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle (now in the Czech Republic). A picture taken of him upon his arrival shows him by a horse-drawn sleigh in the snow in a setting reminiscent of The Castle.[1] Hence, the significance that the first few chapters of the handwritten manuscript were written in first person and at some point later changed by Kafka to a third person narrator, 'K.'[2]
Max Brod

Kafka died prior to finishing The Castle and it is questionable whether Kafka intended on finishing it if he had survived his tuberculosis. On separate occasions he told his friend Max Brod of two different conditions: K., the book's protagonist, would continue to reside and die in the village; the castle notifying him on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was permitted to live and work there",[2] but then on 11 September 1922 in a letter to Max Brod, he said he was giving up on the book and would never return to it.[3] As it is, the book ends mid-sentence.
Although Brod was instructed by Kafka to destroy all his works on his death, he did not and set about publishing Kafka's writings. The Castle was originally published in German in 1926 by the publisher Joella Goodman of Munich. This edition sold far less than the 1500 copies that were printed.[4] It was republished in 1935 by Schocken Verlag in Berlin, and in 1946 by Schocken Books of New York.[5]
Brod had to heavily edit the work to ready it for publication. His goal was to gain acceptance of the work and the author, not to maintain the structure of Kafka's writing. This would play heavily in the future of the translations and continues to be the center of discussion on the text.[6] Brod donated the manuscript to Oxford University.[7]
Brod placed a strong religious significance to the symbolism of the castle.[1][8] This is one possible interpretation of the work based on numerous Judeo-Christian references as noted by many including Arnold Heidsieck.[9]
The title

The title, Das Schloß, may be translated as "the castle" or "the lock". It is also similar to Der Schluß (close or end).[1] The castle is locked and closed to K and the townspeople; neither can gain access. The name of Klamm is similar to "klempnern" in German, which means "to clamp, bolt or rivet" and may hold a double meaning; for Klamm is the lock that locks away the secrets of the Castle and the salvation of K. Directly translated, "klamm" is an adjective that denotes a combination of moisture and chill and can be used in reference both to weather and clothing, which inscribes a sense of unease into the main character's name.
Plot

The narrator, K., arrives in a village governed by a mysterious bureaucracy that resides in a nearby castle. When seeking shelter at the town inn, he falsely gives himself out to be a land surveyor summoned by the castle authorities. He is quickly notified that his castle contact is an official named Klamm, who, in the introductory note, informs K. he will report to the Council Chairman.
The Council Chairman informs K. that, through a mix up in communication between the castle and the village, he was erroneously requested but, trying to accommodate K., the Council Chairman offers him a position in the service of the school teacher as a caretaker. Meanwhile, K., unfamiliar with the customs, bureaucracy and processes of the village, continues to attempt to reach the official Klamm, which is considered a strong taboo to the villagers.
The villagers hold the officials and the castle in the highest regard, justifying, quite elaborately at times, even though they do attempt to appear to know what the officials do, the actions of the officials are never explained; they simply defend it as being absurd any other way. The number of assumptions and justifications about the functions of the officials and their dealings are enumerated through lengthy monologues of the villagers. Everyone appears to have an explanation for the officials' actions that appear to be founded on assumptions and gossip. The descriptions given by the townspeople often contradict themselves by having very different features and routines within a single person's description, but they do not try to hide the ambiguity; instead, they praise it as any other action or feature of an official should be praised. One of the more obvious contradictions between the "official word" and the village conception is the dissertation by the secretary Erlanger on Frieda's required return to service as a barmaid. K. is the only villager that knows that the request is being forced by the castle (even though Frieda may be the genesis[13][14]), with no consideration of the inhabitants of the village.
The castle is the ultimate bureaucracy with copious paperwork that the bureaucracy maintains is "flawless". This flawlessness is, of course, a lie; it is a flaw in the paperwork that has brought K. to the village. There are other failures of the system which are occasionally referred to. K. witnesses a flagrant misprocessing after his nighttime interrogation by Erlanger as a servant destroys paperwork when he cannot determine who the recipient should be.
The castle's occupants appear to be all adult men and there is little reference to the castle other than to its bureaucratic functions. The two notable instances are the reference to a fire brigade and that Otto Brunswick's wife declares herself to be from the castle. The latter declaration builds the importance of Hans (Otto's son) in K.'s eyes, as a way to gain access to the castle officials.
The functions of the officials are never mentioned. The officials that are discussed have one or more secretaries that do their work in their village. Although the officials come to the village, they do not interact with the villagers unless they need female companionship, implied to be sexual in nature.