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Geoffrey Chaucer

was born in London in about 1342. He was valued highly by Edward III, who paid part of his ransom when he was captured fighting in France in 1360. He rose in royal employment, becoming a Justice of the Peace and was buried in 1400 in Westminster Abbey. Nevill Coghill's translation of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde into modern English is also published by Penguin Classics

Geoffrey Chaucer; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde, he is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.

Life

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and location of his birth remain unknown.
His father and grandfather were both London vintners; several previous generations had been merchants in Ipswich. (His family name derives from the French chausseur, meaning "shoemaker". In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffrey's father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the twelve-year-old boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the £250 fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure—bourgeois, if not elite.[2] John Chaucer married Agnes Copton, who, in 1349, inherited properties including 24 shops in London from her uncle, Hamo de Copton, who is described in a will dated 3 April 1354 and listed in the City Hustings Roll as "moneyer"; he was said to be moneyer at the Tower of London. In the City Hustings Roll 110, 5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer refers to himself as me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie' .
While records concerning the lives of his contemporary poets, William Langland and the Pearl Poet are practically non-existent, since Chaucer was a public servant, his official life is very well documented, with nearly five hundred written items testifying to his career.
The first of the "Chaucer Life Records" appears in 1357, in the household accounts of Elizabeth de Burgh, the Countess of Ulster, when he became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections. ( when he was 14).
She was married to Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the second surviving son of the king, Edward III, and the position brought the teenage Chaucer into the close court circle, where he was to remain for the rest of his life.
He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king, collecting and inventorying scrap metal.
In 1359, in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, Edward III invaded France and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, Elizabeth's husband, as part of the English army. In 1360, he was captured during the siege of Rheims. Edward paid £16 for his ransom a considerable sum, and Chaucer was released. ( when he was 17).
After this, Chaucer's life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, and Flanders, possibly as a messenger and perhaps even going on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. Around 1366, Chaucer married Philippa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, Philippa of Hainault, and a sister of Katherine Swynford, who later (ca. 1396) became the third wife of John of Gaunt. It is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son, Thomas Chaucer, had an illustrious career, as chief butler to four kings, envoy to France, and Speaker of the House of Commons. Thomas's daughter, Alice, married the Duke of Suffolk. Thomas's great-grandson (Geoffrey's great-great-grandson), John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, was the heir to the throne designated by Richard III before he was deposed. Geoffrey's other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at Barking Abbey.[5][6] Agnes, an attendant at Henry IV's coronation; and another son, Lewis Chaucer. Chaucer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe” was written for Lewis.[7]
Chaucer probably studied law in the Inner Temple (an Inn of Court) at this time. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a varlet de chambre, yeoman, or esquire on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment. He travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to Violante Visconti, daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, in Milan. Two other literary stars of the era were in attendance: Jean Froissart and Petrarch. Around this time, Chaucer is believed to have written The Book of the Duchess in honour of Blanche of Lancaster, the late wife of John of Gaunt, who died in 1369.

جيفري تشوسر
(Geoffrey Chaucer؛ 1343 - 1400) شاعر إنجليزي عاش في القرن 14 في العصور الوسطى. يعرف لعمله المشهور "حكايات كانتربري" (بالإنجليزية: The Canterbury Tales). ومن بين أعماله الأخرى المعروفة: "كتاب الدوقة" (عام 1369)، و"ترويلس وكريسيد" (عام 1385). لقب بأب الشعر الإنجليزي، ويعد من أقدم الشعراء الإنجليز المعروفين.
ولد جيفري تشوسر في مدينة لندن عام 1343 لعائلة من الطبقة الوسطى. عمل كمراقب للجمارك بين عامي 1374 إلى 1386. ثم عمل ككاتب لأشغال الملك من 1389 إلى 1391. عين قاضياً في عام 1385، ثم عضواً في البرلمان في عام 1386. كان ينظر إلى أسلوب الحب الأرستقراطي الذي يعرف بـ "حب القصور"، وكان في شعره ينتقد أسلوب المثل الرفيعة. انتقد الكنيسة في عمله المعروف باسم "حكايات كانتربري" وذلك بتصويره للراهب والناسك والداعي للمثول أمام الكنيسة.
في مهام دبلوماسية غادر إلى الفلاندرز وإيطاليا وإسبانيا. وتأثر بكتابهم خاصة دانتي وبترارك. كان ملماً بالكلاسيكية اللاتينية واللاهوت. مؤلفاته النثرية تتضمن "سلوى الفلسفة" ومقالات حول الفلك. كان أول شاعر إنجليزي يقوم باستعمال الوزن الملحمي في شعره، فاستخدم بيتين موزونين مؤلفين من نظم خماسي التفعيل. أما عمله الآخر المشهور فهو "كتاب الدوقة" (بالإنجليزية: The Book of the Duchess) فيه قصيدة تأملية في وفاة زوجة جون جوانت.
تشوسر مجهول الطفولة، لكن السجلات تشير الى انه عمل كحارس شخصي لدى إحدى السيدات من الطبقة البرجوازية والمتزوجة من ابن الملك، ويبدو انه وقع في الأسر وهو في سن السابعة عشرة.

مجهول الطفولة.

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