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Johannes Kepler
- Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. He was a huge influence towards the astronomical revolution of the 17th century. Kepler is best known for his laws of planetary motion. His laws also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Kepler is regarded as a man with revolutionary thoughts towards astronomy.
==
Johannes Kepler (
German pronunciation:
[
ˈk
ʰ
ɛ
pl
ɐ
]
;
December 27, 1571 –
November 15, 1630) was a
German
mathematician
,
astronomer
and
astrologer
. A key figure in the 17th century
scientific revolution
, he is best known for his
eponymous
laws of planetary motion
, codified by later astronomers, based on his works
Astronomia nova
,
Harmonices Mundi
, and
Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
. These works also provided one of the foundations for
Isaac Newton
's theory of
universal gravitation
.
During his career, Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a
seminary
school in
Graz
,
Austria
, where he became an associate of
Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg
. Later he became an assistant to astronomer
Tycho Brahe
, and eventually the imperial mathematician to
Emperor Rudolf II
and his two successors
Matthias
and
Ferdinand II
. He was also a mathematics teacher in
Linz
, Austria, and an adviser to
General Wallenstein
. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of
optics
, invented an improved version of the
refracting telescope
(the
Keplerian Telescope
), and mentioned the
telescopic
discoveries of his contemporary
Galileo Galilei
.
Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of
mathematics
within the
liberal arts
) and
physics
(a branch of
natural philosophy
). Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of
reason
.
[1]
Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics",
[2]
as "an excursion into
Aristotle
's
Metaphysics
",
[3]
and as "a supplement to Aristotle's
On the Heavens
",
[4]
transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.
[5]
Early years
Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571
, at the
Free Imperial City
of
Weil der Stadt
(now part of the
Stuttgart Region
in the German state of
Baden-Württemberg
, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center).
His grandfather, Sebald Kepler, had been Lord Mayor of that town but, by the time Johannes was born, he had two brothers and one sister and the Kepler family fortune was in decline.
His father,
Heinrich Kepler
, earned a precarious living as a
mercenary
, and he left the
family when Johannes was five years old
.
He was believed to have died in the
Eighty Years' War
in the
Netherlands
.
His mother
Katharina Guldenmann
, an inn-keeper's daughter, was a
healer
and
herbalist
who was later tried for
witchcraft
.
Born prematurely, Johannes claimed to have been weak and sickly as a child. Nevertheless, he often impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his phenomenal mathematical faculty.
[6]
He was introduced to astronomy at an early age, and developed a love for it that would span his entire life. At age six, he observed the
Great Comet of 1577
, writing that he "was taken by [his] mother to a high place to look at it."
[7]
At age nine, he observed another astronomical event, a
lunar eclipse
in 1580, recording that he remembered being "called outdoors" to see it and that the
moon
"appeared quite red".
[7]
However, childhood
smallpox
left him with weak vision and crippled hands, limiting his ability in the observational aspects of astronomy.
[8]
In 1589, after moving through grammar school, Latin school, and
seminary at Maulbronn
, Kepler attended
Tübinger Stift
at the
University of Tübingen
. There, he studied philosophy under
Vitus Müller
[9]
and
theology
under
Jacob Heerbrand
(a student of
Philipp Melanchthon
at Wittenberg), who also taught
Michael Maestlin
while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at Tübingen in 1590.
[10]
He proved himself to be a superb mathematician and earned a reputation as a skillful astrologer, casting
horoscopes
for fellow students. Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, Tübingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631,
[10]
he learned both the
Ptolemaic system
and the
Copernican system
of planetary motion. He became a Copernican at that time. In a student disputation, he defended
heliocentrism
from both a theoretical and theological perspective, maintaining that the
Sun
was the principal source of motive power in the universe.
[11]
Despite his desire to become a minister, near the end of his studies Kepler was recommended for a position as teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz (later the
University of Graz
). He accepted the position in April 1594, at the age of 23
ولد قبل الاون وكان مريضا وضعيف مات ابوه وهو في سن الـ 5 حيث كان قد ترك العئالة ولم يعد اليها ابدا .
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 5.
رد مع الإقتباس