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Jonathan Swift



was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin, and educated at Trinity College and Oxford University. After working for a time as secretary to Sir William Temple in England, Swift was ordained as a priest of the Church of Ireland and returned to Dublin in 1695. In 1713 he became Dean of St Patrick's. The first of his major satirical works, A Tale of a Tub, was published in 1704 and through his writing he became close friends with the poet Pope. Together with other writers, they founded a literary group called the Martinus Scriblerus Club in 1714. Gulliver's Travels(1726)is the only book for which he received any money and he never wrote under his own name. He died on 19 October 1745 and was buried in St Patrick's. His Latin epitaph, written by himself, reads: 'Here lies the body of Jonathan Swift, D.D., dean of this cathedral, where burning indignation can no longer lacerate his heart. Go, traveller, and imitate if you can a man who was an undaunted champion of liberty



==

جوناثان سويفت (1667-1745) هو أديب وسياسي إنكليزي-إرلندي عاش بين القرنين ال17 وال18 للميلاد واشتهر بمؤلفاته الساتيرية (السخرية) المنتقدة لعيوب المجتمع البريطاني في أيامه والسلطة الإنكليزية في إرلندا.
أهم مؤلفاته وأشهرها هي "رحلات جلفر" (أو "رحلات غوليفر") الذي نشره في 1726 والتي تضم أربعة كتب تصف أربع رحلات خيالية إلى بلدان نائية غريبة تمثل كل واحدة منها حيثية للمجتمع البريطانية.

ومن مؤلفاته المشهورة الأخرى:
  • "حرب الكتب" (1704 Battle of the Books)
  • "خرافة مغطس" (1704 A Tale of a Tub) - مثل ساتيري عن تاريخ المسيحية وانفصالها إلى طوائف حاقدة.
  • "اقتراح متواضع" (1729 A Modest Proposal) - مؤلفة ساتيرية حادة تتناول المجاعة في إيرلندا، حيث يقترح على السلطات الإنكليزية تشجيع الإيرلنديين على أكل أطفالهم لمكافحة المجاعة.
  • "رسائل تاجر الأقمشة" (1724-1725 The Drapier's Letters) - سلسلة من الرسائل نشرها بالاسم المستعار M. B. Drapier، ودعا فيها الإيرلنديين إلى مقاطعة العملات المعدنية الإنكليزية، إذ حصل صانعها الإنكليزي الامتياز مقابل رشوة.
ولد سويفت في 30 نوفمبر 1667 في العاصمة الإيرلندية دبلن لوالدين بروتستانيين من أصل إنكليزي، أما أبوه فقد مات قبل ولادته. لا يعرف عن طفولته إلا القليل ولكن يبدو من بعض الموارد أن أمه عادت إلى إنكلترا بينما بقي جوناثان سويفت مع عائلة أبيه في دبلن، حيث اعتنى عمه غودوين بتربيته.
في 1686 حاز سويفت على مرتبة بكالوريوس من جامعة ترينيتي في دبلن، وبدأ دراساته لمرتبة ماجيستير إلا أنه اضطر إلى ترك الجامعة بسبب أحداث "الثورة المجيدة" التي اندلعت في بريطانيا في 1688. في هذه السنة سافر سويفت إلى إنكلترا حيث دبرت أمه من أجله منصب مساعد شخصي لويليام تمبل الذي كان من أهم الديبلوماسيين الإنكليز، غير أنه قد تقاعد عن منصبه عندما وصل سويفت إليه، واهتم بكتابة ذكرياته. مع مرور ثلاث سنوات لشغله كمساعد لتمبل، تعززت ثقة تمبل بمساعده حتى أرسله إلى الملك البريطاني ويليام الثالث لترويج مشروع قانون كان تمبل من مؤيده



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Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish[1]satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.[2]
He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. Swift originally published all of his works under pseudonyms – such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, MB Drapier – or anonymously. He is also known for being a master of two styles of satire: the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

Youth

Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–67) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. [3] His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England. He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary. [4] Swift's family had several interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden, was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret (Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.
His uncle Godwin Swift (1628–95) a benefactor, he took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by the philosopher George Berkeley).[5] In 1682 he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), financed by Godwin's son, Willoughby, from where he received his B.A. in 1686, and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Swift was studying for his Master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. [6]Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining the confidence of his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance. [7]Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III, and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.
When Swift took up his residence at Moor Park, he met Esther Johnson, then eight years old, daughter of an impoverished widow who acted as companion to Temple's sister Lady Giffard. Swift acted as her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.[8]
Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness, fits of vertigo or giddiness—now known to be Ménière's disease—would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hart Hall, Oxford in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland and in 1694 he was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor, with his parish located at Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim.
Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, Swift may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring, whom he called "Varina", the sister of an old college friend.[9] A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690). Battle was however not published until 1704.
On 27 January 1699 Temple died.[10]Swift, normally a harsh judge of human nature, said that all that was good and amiable in humankind died with him. [11]He stayed on briefly in England to complete the editing of Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. However, Swift's work made enemies of some of Temple's family and friends, in particular Temple's formidable sister Lady Giffard, who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.[12] His next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another. But he soon obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.[13]
At Laracor, a mile or two from Trim, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin, Swift ministered to a congregation of about fifteen people, and had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal (after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park), planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and traveled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, Swift published, anonymously, a political pamphlet, A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome.


يتيم الأب قبل الولادة.