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Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[3] well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called "the Great American Novel",[4] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). He is extensively quoted.[5][6] Twain was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.

Twain was very popular, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned praise from critics and peers. Upon his death he was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age",[7] and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".[8]
Early life

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 – March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 – October 27, 1890).[9] John Marshall Clemens was the first of five children born to Samuel B Clemens and Pamela Goggin (1775–1844), who married on October 29, 1797 in Bedford County, Virginia.[10]
Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858); and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three years old, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at the age of six months.[11] Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On 4 December 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet." [12]
When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri,[13] a port town on the Mississippi River that served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[14] At that time, Missouri was a slave state, and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.
Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge.[15] The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the then second and third largest cities in the state and was the furthermost west United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad was constructed. It delivered the mail to and from the Pony Express.[16]
In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.[17]