John Buchan, first Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield (1875-1940) Scottish historian, Governor General of Canada, Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada and author of the infamous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps. (1915)
ولد عام 1875 وهو من اصل اسكتلندي
John Buchan was born at York Place, Perth, Scotland on 26 August 1875 and grew up in the mining town of Pathhead, Fife. He was the eldest son of John Buchan (1847–1911) a jovial and fun-loving Free Church of Scotland minister, and Helen née Masterson, (1857–1937) both of whom would later provide fodder for his fictional characters.
كان الاكبر بين اخوته ، مات ابوه عام 1911 ( وعمره 36 سنة ) وماتت امه عام 1937 وعمره 62 سنة ) فهو ليس يتيم
Among John's siblings William, Walter and Alistair, his sister Anna Buchan (b.1877) would become the novelist O. Douglas.
Scottish diplomat, barrister, journalist, historian, poet, and novelist, whose most famous thriller was THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS (1915), his 27th book, which has been filmed several times.
اصبح كتابه رقم 27 من روائع الادب العالمي ونشر عام 1915 وقد حولت الرواية الى فلم.
Alfred Hitchcock's film version of the story from 1935 is ranked as one of the director's best achievemets. In addition to his large body of nonfiction, John Buchan published nearly 30 novels and seven collections of short stories.
"Public life is regarded as the crown of a career, and to young men it is the worthiest ambition. Politics is still the greatest and the most honorable adventure."
John Buchan was born in Perth, Scotland, the eldest son of Rev. John Buchan and Helen (née Masterton) Buchan.
In 1876 the family moved to Pathhead, Fife, a small mining town, and then to Glasgow.
انتقلت العائلة عام 1876 الى قرية صغيرة تعمل في مجال مناجم الفحم
After attending Hutcheson's Grammar School, Buchan studied at the University of Glasgow and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he had an outstanding career, winning the Stanhope Essay Prize in 1897 and the Newdigate Prize in the following year.
Returning to London in 1903, Buchan specialized in tax law and continued to write prolifically, both fiction and nonfiction.
درس القانون وتخصص في قانون الضرائب
He joined in 1906 the publisher Thomas Nelson and Sons, revitalized publication of pocket editions of great literature, and virtually edited The Spectator.
In 1907 he married Susan Charlotte Grosvenor; they had three sons and one daughter.
تزوج عام 1906 من سوزان تشارلوتي وانجب ثلاثة اطفال وابنة واحدة
After the outbreak of WWI, Buchan tried to enlist but was refused because of an ulcer.
حاول الانضمام للجيش بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية لكنه فشل بسبب وجود قرحه معوية
Before being able to join the army, he worked as a special correspondent for The Times on the Western Front.
قبل تمكنه من الانضمام الى الجيش عمل مراسل حربي
Buchan began his literary career in the 1890s.
بدأ حياه الادبية عام 1890
While ill in bed in 1914, during the first months of the war, Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which introduced the spy-catcher Richard Hannay, who was modelled after a young Army officer named Edmund Ironside, later Field-Marshal Lord Ironside of Archangel.
كتب رائعته تسعة وثلاثين خطوة عام 1914 بينما كان يرقد في السرير بسبب المرض
Hannay had all the qualities of a hero, who could defend the English way of life against foreign thread – he is resourceful, courageous, "solid and respectable citizen" devoted to his own country. In the story Hannay, a 37-year-old wealthy Scot, meets an American journalist, named Scudder, who tells of an international assassination plan. Scudder is murdered, and Hannay realizes that he is the prime suspect. He flees to Scotland, and hides there from the police and the foreign conspirators and other anarchists. Hannay guesses that Scudders's cryptic note ("Thirty-nine steps – I counted them – High tide 10:17 p.m.) refers to the location of the anarchists' beach house. The conspirators are arrested.
A consistent theme in Buchan's thrillers was that nothing is as it seems – behind a respectable facade, there is a hidden agenda and deeply buries secrets, threatening the order of modern society.
At the age of five, Buchan was run over by a carriage, whereupon he lay in bed for the better part of a year and which would leave permanent scars on his otherwise striking features.
عندما كان عمره 5 سنوات صدمته عربة رقد على اثرها في السري لمدة عام تقريبا وقد تركت تلك الحادثه على جسده اثرا بارزا
Summer holidays were spent in the southern sunny Borders region with his maternal grandparents, sheep farmers for many generations, where young John explored the glens, hunted for birds and their eggs, fished for trout in the rivers and met the local people.
كان يقضي ايام الصيف في مزرعة جده والذي كان يربي الغنم وكان يصطاد السلاحف من النهر
Daytime revolved around jaunts into the surrounding woods, which Paul Bunyan himself had claimed, and the magic of fairytales told by his father added to the enchantment. These idyllic childhood memories would also provide much basis for his future writings.
The concept of a Calvinistic Devil didn't torment Buchan as a child because "The fatal influence of Robert Burns made me regard him as a rather humorous and jovial figure; nay more, as something of a sportsman, dashing and debonair." An avid reader, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress was a "constant companion" for John.
Buchan did not follow a conventional schooling due to the family's financial constraints.
لم يلتحق بمدرسة بالمعنى التقليدي بسبب المصاعب المالية لعائلته
1911 saw the birth of his son John Norman Stuart, on 25 November and it was to be the first year that Buchan would suffer troubles from painful duodenal illness.
في عام 1911 انجب ابنه الاول ولكنه نفس العام الذي وقع في مشاكل صحية سببها الاثنا عشر
He entered politics for the first time, becoming the conservative candidate for Peebles and Selkirk counties. He also wrote a number of biographies including one of Sir Walter Scott.
دخل في معترك السياسة وكتب مجموعة من السير الذاتية
Also in 1911 Buchan's father John died peacefully in his sleep after years of dedication to the sick and poor in the Gorbals tenement district of Glasgow.
ايضا مات ابوه في عام 1911 اثناء نومه بعدسنوات لخدمة المرضى والفقراء في منطقة جلاسكو
In 1912 Buchan's brother Willie died and a number of his friends, three from Oxford, were killed in the Great War to his everlasting sadness.
في عام 1912 قتل اخوه مع مجموعة آخرين من زملاؤه في الحرب العظمى وقد تسبب هذا الحادث في حزن دام ابد الدهر ( عندما كان عمره 37 سنه)
When the war had broken out in 1914 Buchan was bed-ridden for three months due to illness.
في عام 1914 رقد جون بوشان في السرير لمدة ثلاثة اشهر بسبب المرض
His brother Alistair would be killed in action in 1917 as head of the Royal Scots Fusiliers.
في عام 1917 قتل اخوه الستير
In 1915 Buchan become a war correspondent after the battle of Loos for The Times newspaper.
عام 1915 اصبح مراسل حربي لصحيفة التايمز اللندنية
He wrote Britain's War By Land and his famous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps in 1915.
كتب روايته الراعة عام 1915
"The war left me with an intense craving for a country life . . . quiet after turmoil." Walking was one of Buchan's favourite pastimes whereupon he would don his `disreputable' shapeless hat and tweeds and head for the hills and dales.
لقد تركته الحرب يشتاق الى حياة الريف حيث كانت رياضة المشي هي المفضلة لديه