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Plato
- Plato was a Greek philosopher that was taught by Socrates, but taught Aristotle. Along with Socrates and Aristotle, Plato helped lay the groundwork for Western philosophy. He was known to be a mathematician, great writer, and founded “the Academy” or “institute of higher education and learning,” in Athens. His works in philosophy, logic, and mathematics, were studied and used by many teachers after his time. Not only was Plato a revolutionary thinker, he was a genius of his time.
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أفلاطون (باللاتينية: Plato / باليونانية: Πλάτων وتعني: واسع الأفق[1]) (427-428 ق.م \ 347-348 ق.م)[2] فيلسوف يوناني كلاسيكي، رياضياتي، كاتب عدد من الحوارات الفلسفية، ويعتبر مؤسس لأكاديمية أثينا التي هي أول معهد للتعليم العالي في العالم الغربي، معلمه سقراط وتلميذه أرسطو، وضع أفلاطون الأسس الأولى للفلسفة الغربية والعلوم.[3]، كان تلميذا لسقراط، وتأثر بأفكاره كما تأثر بإعدامه الظالم.
نبوغ أفلاطون وأسلوبه ككاتب واضح في محاوراته السقراطية (نحو ثلاثين محاورة) التي تتناول مواضيع فلسفية مختلفة: المعرفة، المنطق، اللغة، الرياضيات، الميتافيزقياء، الأخلاقوالسياسة [4].
سيرته

لا يعرف أين ولد أفلاطون، كما لا يعرف تاريخ ولادته بالتحديد، ولكن من المؤكد أنه ينتمي إلى عائلةأرستقراطية كانت لها مكانة مؤثرة في المجتمعاليوناني.
استنادا إلى المصادر القديمة، يعتقد معظم العلماء المحدثين بأن أفلاطون ولد في أثينا أو أجانيطس بين عامي 427 \ 428 ق.م. والد أفلاطون يدعى أريستون، طبقا لما ذكره المؤرخ ديوجين ليوشيس (200م) أن والد أفلاطون يرجع نسبه من أبيه إلى أحد ملوك أثينا يدعى Codrus ومن أمه إلى ملوك ميسينيا . والدة أفلاطون اسمها بينكتوني(Περικτιόνη) وهي من سلالة القانوني والشاعر اليوناني الأرستقراطي سولون[6]. بينكتوني أخت الطاغية اليوناني كريتياس: Κριτίας وابنة الطاغية كارميدوس : Χαρμίδης، كلاهما شخصيات بارزة من الطغاة الثلاثون أو الأوليغارشيون الذين جاءوا بعد انهيار أثينا عند الانتهاء من الحرب البيلوبونيسية (403-404 ق.م)[7]. أما أفلاطون نفسه، أريستون وبينكتوني والدا أفلاطون لديهم ثلاثة أبناء آخرين الأكبر وهو أدمينتوس والآخر قولاكن والأخيرة بوتون أم الفيلسوف سيوسيبس الذي تزعم أكاديمية أفلاطون بعد وفاته.[7]. وفقا لما ذكره أفلاطون في كتاب الجمهورية أن أدمينتوس وقولاكن يكبرونه سنا.[8]
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Plato (424/423 BC[a] – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.[3] In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.[4]
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.[5] Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy

The exact place and time of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina[b] between 429 and 423 BC.[a] His father was Ariston. According to a disputed tradition, reported by Diogenes Laertius, Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Plato's mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poetSolon.
Perictione was sister of Charmides and niece of Critias, both prominent figures of the Thirty Tyrants, the brief oligarchicregime, which followed on the collapse of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War (404–403 BC). Besides Plato himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; these were two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone, the mother of Speusippus (the nephew and successor of Plato as head of his philosophical Academy).[ According to the Republic, Adeimantus and Glaucon were older than Plato. Nevertheless, in his Memorabilia, Xenophon presents Glaucon as younger than Plato.
The traditional date of Plato's birth (428/427) is based on a dubious interpretation of Diogenes Laertius, who says, "When [Socrates] was gone, [Plato] joined Cratylus the Heracleitean and Hermogenes, who philosophized in the manner of Parmenides. Then, at twenty-eight, Hermodorus says, [Plato] went to Euclides in Megara." As Debra Nails argues, "The text itself gives no reason to infer that Plato left immediately for Megara and implies the very opposite." In his Seventh Letter Plato notes that his coming of age coincided with the taking of power by the Thirty, remarking, "But a youth under the age of twenty made himself a laughingstock if he attempted to enter the political arena." Thus Nails dates Plato's birth to 424/423.
According to some accounts, Ariston tried to force his attentions on Perictione, but failed in his purpose; then the godApollo appeared to him in a vision, and as a result, Ariston left Perictione unmolested. Another legend related that, when Plato was an infant, bees settled on his lips while he was sleeping: an augury of the sweetness of style in which he would discourse philosophy.
Ariston appears to have died in Plato's childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult. Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother, who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens. Pyrilampes had a son from a previous marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty. Perictione gave birth to Pyrilampes' second son, Antiphon, the half-brother of Plato, who appears in Parmenides.
In contrast to his reticence about himself, Plato often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or referred to them with some precision: Charmides has a dialogue named after him; Critias speaks in both Charmides and Protagoras; and Adeimantus and Glaucon take prominent parts in the Republic.[20] These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct Plato's family tree. According to Burnet, "the opening scene of the Charmides is a glorification of the whole [family] connection ... Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates, but also the happier days of his own family."
يتيم الأب في الطفولة وأمه تزوجت خالها بعد موت والده وأنجبت له أخ غير شقيق.
يتيم الأب وهو صغير .