منتديات منابر ثقافية - عرض مشاركة واحدة - ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية

10-10-2011, 02:15 AM

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والان مع رواية:

53 ـ عالم جديد شجاع،للمؤلف ألدوس هاكسلي .

رواية عالم جديد شجاع (تترجم أيضا: عالم جديد شجاع Brave New World) بقلم الدوس هكسلي.كتبها في عام 1931 ونشرت في عام 1932 قام بتعريب هذه الرواية إلى العربية محمود محمود مدير تحرير مجلة الكاتب المصري تحت عنوان العالم الطريف وكان في اربعينيات 1946 م

ملخص الرواية

يعبر فيها عن خوفه من سيطرة العلم على حياة الناس. يصور في هذا الكتاب مدينة العلماء الفاضلة بكل ما فيها من مساوئ.في هذا العالم الجديد.عالم العقاقير والالات.تنتفي منه العاطفة والشعر والجمال.في هذا العالم الجديد كل شيء آلي، ولعل هكسلي من بين الكتاب جميعا هو الكاتب الوحيد الذي يستطيع أن يصور نتائج العلم بجرأة ووضوح, وهو في هذا الكتاب عالم وشاعر, يرسم لنا صورة مدهشة يتقزز منها القارئ كما تقزز منها الكاتب. في هذا الكتاب يتخيل هكسلي أن العلم سوف يصل بنا إلى حد الاستغناء عن الزواج وتكوين الأجنة في القوارير بطريقة علمية بدلا من تكوينها في الأرحام والأطفال.بحكم تركبيتهم الكيميائي.طبقات خمس:أ، ب، ح,ْ,هـ.وكل طبقة تعد إعدادا خاصا يلائم، تكوينها الجثماني واستعدادها العقلي, وعليها ان كبير في الخـَلق والخـلـق, حتى إن الفرد تكاد تنعدم شخصيته انعداما باتا.العالم الجديد ينكر الفردية والاختلاف الشخصي والتقلقل من حال إلى حال. وشعاره الذي يطالعك به الكاب في الفصل الأول من الكتاب هو ((الجماعة, التشابة، والاستقرار)).و العالم الجديد تهمه السعادة أكثر مما تهمه المعرفة. وهي سعادة الية محضة لا توجهها الميول الشخصية وإنما تفرض على النفوس فرضا. إذا أردت شيئاَفي العالم الجديد فإنك لا تفكر فيه ولا تسعى إليه، وأنما يكفيك ان تضغط على زر أو تدير مقبضا.كما يقول هكسلي ليكون لك ما تريد. ولاشك ان هذه الحياة. رغم يسرها الشديد.تدعو إلى الملل، كما تؤدي إلى إهمال الفنون الرفيعة, والشعور الديني, والروح العلمية الصحيحة التي تهتم باكتشاف اسرار الطبيعة أكثر مما تهتم بإسعاد الإنسان وراحته.

أسلوب الراوي

كل هذه الاراء يبثها هكسلي في قصة ""العالم الطريف"" وهي لسيت قصة بالمعنى المالوف, فهي تنعدم فيها العقدة أو تكاد ,ولا تأبه بتحليل الشخصيات.و إنما هي قصة اساسها علمي، وكثيرا ما يرسل الكاتب فيها نفسه على سجيتها، لا يتقيد بترتيب معين أو منطق خاص. يدون الأفكار وفقا لتواردها في ذهنه ,فيجمع بين المتناقضات، ويؤلف بين القريب والبعيد, والعلوي والسفلي في أسطر قلائل.و يؤدي به هذا أحيانا إلى شيء من الغموض.

نقد الرواية

النقد لهذا الكتاب -بل لأكثر ما كتب هكسلي- انه سلبي، أي أن الكاتب يسخر ويتقزز دون أن يقدم لنا جديدا.فهو يهدم ولا يبني. إذا ذهب إلى السينما شاهد قصصا تقشعر لها بدنه, والجمهور المحتشد في دار السينما في عينيه قذر بليد في جسمه وعقله.ارؤهم سخيفة، وهم مخدوعون في أنفسهم أكبر خداع.و إن قرأ الكتب ألفاها سخيفة ومملوءة بلاراء الوضيعة.وإن رحل إلى بلد جديد ألفى سكانه اغبياء بلهاء,لا يختلفون عن اولئك الذين خلفهم وراءه في أإرض الوطن.و إن بحث في السياسة وجدها فاسدة, وفي الأخلاق ألفاها دنسة, وفي الروحية لم يجدها مجرد ((تخاطر))، وفي مملكة الحيوان راها تأكل وتتناسل وتتاكاثر بغير فهم أو ادراك. و هكذا فيما يتعلق بالمدينة الفاضلة العلمية, فهي ليست ألا خيال فئة من العلماء تمتلئ رؤوسهم بالتفكير المادي, وتخلو من شعلة الروح. ولا يذكر لنا هكسلي في ما كتب ما مثله الأعلى الذي يرمي إليه.وهو يفعل ذلك إلى درجة ما في كتابه هذا ((العالم طريف)) فهو ينادي بالعودة إلى البساطة القديمة، وإلى الأمومة الصحيحة, إلى الأطفال ترعاهم أمهاتهم، وإلى الريف الذي لم يلوث بالعلم والمادة. ولم يتعرض هكسلي لبحث المثل العليا, و يتعجب هكسلي لكمية الجهل في العالم, ولضعف النظرة التركيبية عند المفكرين والباحثين. وهو يريد ان يعرف كل شيء, ويعتقد انه لا يستطيع ان يصل إلى قرار في شأن من شؤون الحياة إلا إن أدرك كل شيء.ولذا تراه لايني عن الدرس والتحصيل. ويميل هكسلي إلى إخضاع المظاهر المختلفة إلى قاعدة واحدة شاملة, وقد يستطيع في مقتبل العمر ان يقود العالم إلى الخير والسعادة.

Brave New World is Aldous Huxley's fifth novel, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Set in London of AD 2540 (632 A.F. in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embodiment of the ideals that form the basis of futurology. Huxley answered this book with a reassessment in an essay, Brave New World Revisited (1958), summarised below, and with his final work, a novel titled Island (1962).
In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[1]

Title
Brave New World's ironic title derives from Miranda's speech in Shakespeare's The Tempest, Act V, Scene I:[2]
O wonder!
How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world! That has such people in it!
This line itself is ironic; Miranda was raised for most of her life on an isolated island, and the only people she ever knew were her father and his servants, an enslaved savage and a spirit. When she sees other people for the first time, she is understandably overcome with excitement, and utters, among other praise, the famous line above. However, what she is actually observing is not men acting in a refined or civilized manner, but rather drunken sailors staggering off the wreckage of their ship. Huxley employs the same irony when the "savage" John refers to what he sees as a "brave new world." Another possible source for or reference in the title is from Rudyard Kipling's 1919 poem The Gods of the Copybook Headings:
And that after this is accomplished, and the brave new world begins
When all men are paid for existing and no man must pay for his sins...
Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature in an attempt to capture the same irony: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes ("The Best of All Worlds"), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz [3] and satirized in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). The German title of the book is Schöne Neue Welt ("Beautiful New World"), though originally the word "brave" was translated literally as tapfer, "valiant", with the Dutch title as Heerlijke Nieuwe Wereld ("Glorious New World"). In Serbian the title is Vrli novi svet ("Virtuous New World"), in Italian Il mondo nuovo, simply "The New World", while in Spanish it is Un mundo feliz ("A Happy World") and in Portuguese its Admirável Mundo Novo ("Admirable New World").
The quotation is also used by Edwin A. Abbott on the first page of Part II of Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. This begins the section in which A. Square, an inhabitant of a two-dimensional universe, receives visions of Lineland and Pointland, and eventually is visited by a Sphere from Spaceland. Whereas the irony is maintained in the first two examples, obviously it is lost in the third.

Plot

The Introduction (Chapters 1–6)

The novel opens in London in 632 (AD 2540 in the Gregorian Calendar). The vast majority of the population is unified under The World State, an eternally peaceful, stable global society in which goods and resources are plentiful (because the population is permanently limited to no more than two billion people) and everyone is happy. Natural reproduction has been done away with and children are created, 'decanted' and raised in Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres, where they are divided into five castes (which are further split into 'Plus' and 'Minus' members) and designed to fulfill predetermined positions within the social and economic strata of the World State. Fetuses chosen to become members of the highest caste, 'Alpha', are allowed to develop naturally while maturing to term in "decanting bottles", while fetuses chosen to become members of the lower castes ('Beta', 'Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon') are subjected to in situ chemical interference to cause arrested development in intelligence or physical growth. Each 'Alpha' or 'Beta' is the product of one unique fertilized egg developing into one unique fetus. Members of lower castes are not unique but are instead created using the Bokanovsky process which enables a single egg to spawn (at the point of the story being told) up to 96 children and one ovary to produce thousands of children. To further increase the birthrate of Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, Podsnap's Technique causes all the eggs in the ovary to mature simultaneously, allowing the hatchery to get full use of the ovary in two years' time. People of these castes make up the majority of human society, and the production of such specialized children bolsters the efficiency and harmony of society, since these people are deliberately limited in their cognitive and physical abilities, as well as the scope of their ambitions and the complexity of their desires, thus rendering them easier to control. All children are educated via the hypnopaedic process, which provides each child with caste-appropriate subconscious messages to mold the child's life-long self-image and social outlook to that chosen by the leaders and their predetermined plans for producing future adult generations.
To maintain the World State's Command Economy for the indefinite future, all citizens are conditioned from birth to value consumption with such platitudes as "spending is better than mending," i.e., buy a new one instead of fixing the old one, because constant consumption, and near-universal employment to meet society's material demands, is the bedrock of economic and social stability for the World State. Beyond providing social engagement and distraction in the material realm of work or play, the need for transcendence, solitude and spiritual communion is addressed with the ubiquitous availability and universally endorsed consumption of the drug soma. Soma is an allusion to a mythical drink of the same name consumed by ancient Indo-Aryans. In the book, soma is a hallucinogen that takes users on enjoyable, hangover-free "holidays". It was developed by the World State to provide these inner-directed personal experiences within a socially managed context of State-run 'religious' organizations; social clubs. The hypnopaedically inculcated affinity for the State-produced drug, as a self-medicating comfort mechanism in the face of stress or discomfort, thereby eliminates the need for religion or other personal allegiances outside or beyond the World State.
Recreational sex is an integral part of society. According to The World State, sex is a social activity, rather than a means of reproduction (sex is encouraged from early childhood). The few women who can reproduce are conditioned to use birth control (a "Malthusian belt", resembling a cartridge belt holding "the regulation supply of contraceptives", is a popular fashion accessory). The maxim "everyone belongs to everyone else" is repeated often, and the idea of a "family" is considered pornographic; sexual competition and emotional, romantic relationships are rendered obsolete because they are no longer needed. Marriage, natural birth, parenthood, and pregnancy are considered too obscene to be mentioned in casual conversation. Thus, society has developed a new idea of reproductive comprehension.
Spending time alone is considered an outrageous waste of time and money. Wanting to be an individual is horrifying. This is why John, a character in the book, is later afforded celebrity-like status. Conditioning trains people to consume and never to enjoy being alone, so by spending an afternoon not playing "Obstacle Golf," or not in bed with a friend, one is forfeiting acceptance.
In The World State, people typically die at age 60[10] having maintained good health and youthfulness their whole life. Death isn't feared; anyone reflecting upon it is reassured by the knowledge that everyone is happy, and that society goes on. Since no one has family, they have no ties to mourn.
The conditioning system eliminates the need for professional competitiveness; people are literally bred to do their jobs and cannot desire another. There is no competition within castes; each caste member receives the same food, housing, and soma rationing as every other member of that caste. There is no desire to change one's caste, largely because a person's sleep-conditioning teaches that his or her caste is superior to the other four. To grow closer with members of the same class, citizens participate in mock religious services called Solidarity Services, in which twelve people consume large quantities of soma and sing hymns. The ritual progresses through group hypnosis and climaxes in an orgy.
In geographic areas nonconducive to easy living and consumption, securely contained groups of "savages" are left to their own devices.
In its first chapters, the novel describes life in The World State as wonderful and introduces Lenina and Bernard. Lenina is a socially accepted woman, normal for her society, while Bernard, a psychologist, is an outcast. Although an Alpha Plus, Bernard is shorter in stature than the average of his caste—a quality shared by the lower castes, which gives him an inferiority complex. His work with sleep-teaching has led him to realize that what others believe to be their own deeply held beliefs are merely phrases repeated to children while they are asleep. Still, he recognizes the necessity of such programming as the reason why his society meets the emotional needs of its citizens. Courting disaster, he is vocal about being different, once stating he dislikes soma because he'd "rather be himself." Bernard's differences fuel rumors that he was accidentally administered alcohol while incubated, a method used to keep Epsilons short.
Lenina, a woman who seldom questions her own motivations, is reprimanded by her friends because she is not promiscuous enough. However, she is still highly content in her role as a woman. Both fascinated and disturbed by Bernard, she responds to Bernard's advances to dispel her reputation for being too selective.
Bernard's only friend is Helmholtz Watson, an Alpha Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering (Department of Writing). The friendship is based on their similar experiences as misfits, but unlike Bernard, Watson's sense of loneliness stems from being too gifted, too handsome, and too physically strong. Helmholtz is drawn to Bernard as a confidant: he can talk to Bernard about his desire to write poetry

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can sympathise with people's pains, but not with their pleasures. There is

something curiously boring about somebody else's happiness."

Aldous Huxley

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