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98- ادموند هنري آلنبي
Field Marshal
Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
GCB
,
GCMG
,
GCVO
(23 April 1861 – 14 May 1936) was a
British
soldier and administrator most famous for his role during the
First World War
, in which he led the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
in the conquest of
Palestine
and
Syria
in 1917 and 1918.
Allenby, nicknamed the "Bloody Bull", was characterized by
Lord Wavell
, a British field marshal during the
Second World War
who had served under Allenby, as an intelligent, caring man and a consummate professional soldier.
T. E. Lawrence
(
"Lawrence of Arabia"
), whose efforts with the
Arab Revolt
were greatly aided by Allenby, thought similarly of him: "(He was) physically large and confident, and morally so great that the comprehension of our littleness came slow to him".
[2]
Allenby was arguably one of the most successful British commanders of the war, utilising strategies he developed from his experiences in the
Boer War
and on the
Western Front
towards his
Palestinian Campaigns
of 1917–18. His management of the
Battle of Megiddo
in particular, with its brilliant use of
aeroplanes
,
infantry
, and mobile
cavalry
, is considered by many to be a precursor to the
Blitzkrieg
tactics so widely employed by
Germany
during the
Second World War
.
Contents
[E
arly years and active service
Born in Brackenhurst,
Nottinghamshire
, Allenby was educated at
Haileybury College
. He had no great desire to be a soldier, and tried to enter the
Indian Civil Service
, failing the entry exam twice. In 1880, he sat the exam for the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
and came fifth out of one-hundred and ten applicants. After ten months at Sandhurst, he passed out twelfth and was commissioned into the
6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons
in 1881.
In 1882, he joined his
regiment
in
South Africa
, and served in the
Bechuanaland
Expedition of 1884-1885 on
patrol
duties, and then in
Zululand
in 1888. In 1889, as a
captain
, he was made the
adjutant
of the regiment, responsible for the turnout, discipline and routine of the unit and soon gained a reputation for strictness. He returned to Britain in 1890 with his unit, which was posted to
Brighton
, during which time the regiment was confined to training and other routine duties. In 1893, Allenby’s time as adjutant came to an end, and in 1894 he sat – and failed – the entry exam for the
Staff College in Camberley
. Not deterred, he sat the exam again the next year and passed in twenty-first place, being the only
cavalryman
to enter the college by competition and the first officer from his regiment ever to do so. On the same day, Captain
Douglas Haig
of the
7th Hussars
also entered the
Staff College
, albeit not by taking an exam, thus beginning a rivalry between the two that was to run until the
First World War
. Different in character, Haig and Allenby both worked hard at Staff College, although the latter was more popular with fellow officers, even being made
Master of the
Draghounds
in preference to Haig who was the better rider. Whereas Haig had few interests outside military affairs, Allenby had already developed a passion for poetry,
ornithology
, travel and
botany
. James Edmonds, a contemporary, later claimed that the staff at Staff College thought Allenby dull and stupid but were impressed by a speech he gave to the Farmers’ Dinner, which had in fact been written for him by Edmonds and another.
[3]
Allenby's Staff College assessment read as follows:
"This officer has sufficiently good abilities and much practical common sense. In all his work the practical bearing of the subject dealt with is always kept in view; and so long as the subject or situation falls within his knowledge, it is rapidly and thoroughly dealt with. In matters with which he is not so conversant he is not very good at working into details. He has energy, good judgement and rapid decision, and is a clear thinker and writer. He is active and a good soldier, and has the power of exerting influence on others and getting good work out of them."
[
citation needed
]
Before leaving Staff College in 1897, he was promoted to
Major
and had also married Miss Mabel Chapman, the daughter of a
Wiltshire
landowner. In 1898, Allenby joined the 3rd
Cavalry
Brigade
, then serving in
Ireland
as the
Brigade-Major
.
مجهول الطفولة
.
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