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قديم 06-22-2011, 11:09 PM
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الاسم المستعار للكاتب الفرنسي ماري هنري بيلي

يتمه: ماتت الام وهو صغير
مجاله: روائي فرنسي.

(1783 – 1842م). الاسم المستعار للكاتب الفرنسي ماري هنري بيلي، وهو من الشخصيات الرئيسية في تاريخ الرواية النفسية الفرنسية. ولد ستندال في جرينوبل بفرنسا، وشارك في الحروب النابليونية، وصار نابليون الأول بطله الأعظم. كان جوليان سوريل بطل رواية ستندال الممتازة الأحمر والأسود (1830م) يعيش حياة عملية وله طموح عظيم، كما كان نابليون. تبدأ رواية ستندال العظيمة الأخرى منزل براءة بارما (1839م) بهزيمة نابليون في معركة واترلو، وتحكي عن المؤامرات السياسية في إيطاليا.
كان ستندال مهتمًا أساسًا بالبحث عن السعادة في كتاباته، واعتقد أن السعادة يمكن تحقيقها بالطاقة الجسمية والتصميم. ويمكن وجود آثار للواقعية والرومانسية في أعماله، وعادة ما يهمل جوانب أخرى من رواياته في سبيل تحليل أحوال شخصياته العاطفية الدقيقة المتغيرة.
ترك ستندال عند موته ثلاث روايات تراجم جزئية لم تكتمل هي: حياة هنري برولارد؛ لاميال؛ لوسيان ليوين. توفي ستندال في باريس.

Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
Born in Grenoble, Isère, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young. His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.
Stendhal died on 22 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure on the streets of Paris. He is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.
Works



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Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the Romantic period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few." This is often interpreted as a dedication to the few who could understand his writing, or as a sardonic reference to the happy few who are born into prosperity (the latter interpretation is supported by the likely source of the quotation, Canto 11 of Byron's Don Juan, a frequent reference in the novel, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society), or as a reference to those who lived without fear or hatred. It may also refer, given Stendhal's experience of the Napoleonic wars, to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of Shakespeare's Henry V. He did have influence as a literary critic. In Racine and Shakespeare he championed the Romantic aesthetic, comparing the rules and strictures of Racine's classicism unfavorably to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose.
Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical dimensions. Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers Cimarosa, Mozart and Rossini. He wrote a biography about Rossini, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content.
In his works, Stendhal "plagiarized", reprised, appropriated, excerpts from Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.
Novels
Le Rouge et le Noir (variously translated as Scarlet and Black, Red and Black, The Red and the Black, 1830)
Lucien Leuwen (1835, unfinished, published 1894)
La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) (The Charterhouse of Parma)
Lamiel (1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)
Novellas
Mina de Vanghel (1830, later published in La Revue des Deux Mondes)
Vanina Vanini (1829)
Italian Chroniques, 1837–1839
Biography
A Life of Rossini (1824)
Autobiography


Stendhal's brief memoir, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist) was published posthumously in 1892. Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the Life of Henry Brulard.
Non-fiction
  • Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1835) (Racine and Shakespeare)
De L'Amour (1822) (On Love)
His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them Rome, Naples et Florence and Promenades dans Rome), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini and Metastasio.


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