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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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Winston Churchill
– Winston Churchill was a rightfully famous British politician during World War II. He is well-known for his abilities as a great leader, speaker, officer in the British Army, a historical writer, and an artist. Churchill became a hero of his time and is considered one of the most intelligent men of his time.
==
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, 30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British
Conservative
politician and
statesman
known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as
Prime Minister
twice (1940–
45
and
1951
–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an
officer
in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only
British prime minister
to have received the
Nobel Prize in Literature
, and was the first person to be made an
Honorary Citizen of the United States
.
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the
Dukes of Marlborough
. His father,
Lord Randolph Churchill
, was a charismatic politician who served as
Chancellor of the Exchequer
; his mother,
Jennie Jerome
, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in
British India
, the
Sudan
, and the
Second Boer War
. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
At the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as
President of the Board of Trade
,
Home Secretary
, and
First Lord of the Admiralty
as part of the
Asquith
Liberal government
. During the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous
Gallipoli Campaign
caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active army service on the
Western Front
as commander of the 6th Battalion of the
Royal Scots Fusiliers
. He returned to government as
Minister of Munitions
,
Secretary of State for War
, and
Secretary of State for Air
. After the War, Churchill served as
Chancellor of the Exchequer
in the Conservative (
Baldwin
) government of 1924–29, controversially returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the
gold standard
at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure on the UK economy. Also controversial was his opposition to increased home rule for India and his resistance to the 1936 abdication of
Edward VIII
.
Out of office and politically "in the wilderness" during the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in warning about
Nazi Germany
and in campaigning for rearmament. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of
Neville Chamberlain
on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister. His steadfast refusal to consider defeat, surrender, or a compromise peace helped inspire British resistance, especially during the difficult early days of the War when Britain stood alone in its active opposition to
Adolf Hitler
. Churchill was particularly noted for his speeches and radio broadcasts, which helped inspire the British people. He led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured.
After the Conservative Party lost
the 1945 election
, he became
Leader of the Opposition
. In 1951, he again became Prime Minister, before retiring in 1955. Upon his death,
Elizabeth II
granted him the honour of a
state funeral
, which saw one of the largest assemblies of world statesmen in history.
[1]
Named the
Greatest Briton
of all time in a 2002 poll, Churchill is widely regarded as being among the most influential people in British history.
Family and early life
Born into the aristocratic family of the
Dukes of Marlborough
, a branch of the noble
Spencer family
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father, used the surname "Churchill" in public life. His ancestor
George Spencer
had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became
Duke of Marlborough
, to highlight his descent from
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
.
Winston's father,
Lord Randolph Churchill
, (Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill
PC
(13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895 )
the third son of
John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough
, was a politician; and his mother,
Lady Randolph Churchill
(
née
Jennie Jerome) was the daughter of American millionaire
Leonard Jerome
. Winston was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in
Blenheim Palace
, Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
From age two to six, he lived in
Dublin
, where his grandfather had been appointed
Viceroy
and employed Churchill's father as his private secretary. Churchill's brother,
John Strange Spencer-Churchill
, was born during this time in Ireland. It has been claimed that the young Winston first developed his fascination with military matters from watching the many parades pass by the Vice Regal Lodge (now
Áras an Uachtaráin
, the official residence of the
President of Ireland
).
[5]
[6]
Churchill's earliest exposure to education occurred in Dublin, where a governess tried teaching him reading, writing, and arithmetic (his first reading book was called 'Reading Without Tears'). With limited contact with his parents, Churchill became very close to his nanny, 'Mrs' Elizabeth Anne Everest, whom he called 'Old Woom'. She served as his confidante, nurse, and mother substitute.
[7]
The two spent many happy hours playing in the
Phoenix Park
.
[8]
[9]
Independent and rebellious by nature, Churchill generally had a poor academic record in school, for which he was punished.
[10]
He was educated at three independent schools:
St. George's School, Ascot
, Berkshire;
Brunswick School
in
Hove
, near Brighton (the school has since been renamed
Stoke Brunswick School
and relocated to
Ashurst Wood
in West Sussex); and at
Harrow School
from 17 April 1888. Within weeks of his arrival at Harrow, Churchill had joined the
Harrow Rifle Corps
.
[11]
Churchill was rarely visited by his mother, and wrote letters begging her either to come to the school or to allow him to come home. His relationship with his father was distant; he once remarked that they barely spoke to one another.
[12]
His father died on 24 January 1895, aged 45, leaving Churchill with the conviction that he too would die young and so should be quick about making his mark on the world.
[13]
Speech impediment
Many authors writing in the 1920s and 1930s, before sound recording became common, mentioned Churchill's stutter in terms such as
'severe' or 'agonising'
and Churchill described himself as having a "speech impediment" which he worked to overcome. His dentures were specially designed to aid his speech (
Demosthenes
' pebbles). After many years of public speeches carefully prepared not only to inspire, but also to avoid hesitations, he could finally state, "My impediment is no hindrance".
The Churchill Centre, however, flatly denies the claim that Churchill stuttered, while confirming that he did have difficulty pronouncing the letter
S
and spoke with a
lisp
as did his father.
يتيم الاب في سن الحادي والعشرين
.
رد مع الإقتباس