الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
قديم 08-20-2011, 03:10 PM
المشاركة 1050
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • موجود
افتراضي
ايتستمان ، جورج



يتمه: مات أبوه وهو صغير (7 سنوات) . انفصل عند المدرسة وهو في الثانوية لاعالة أمه وأخواته واحده منهن معاقة حركيا.
مجاله: مخترع فلم التصوير ومطور كاميرا كوداك.


أبصرت عيناه النور في 12 يوليو 1854 في قرية ووترفيل، القريبة من مدينة نيويورك الأمريكية، ليكون جورج الابن الثالث لأب ناجح بشكل مقبول في عالم التجارة، صاحب دار حضانة أطفال. وعندما بلغ جورج الخامسة من عمره، باع أبوه دار الحضانة وانتقل بعائلته إلى خارج مدينة روشستر حيث افتتح كلية إيستمان التجارية، ولكن بعدها بعامين توفى والده، وبرحيله بلغت الكلية نهايتها وأغلقت أبوابها.
بعد موته، وجدت العائلة نفسها على حافة الإفلاس، واضطرت الأم لتأجير غرف من البيت للنزلاء والمسافرين، وأدرك الصغير حقيقة الحالة المالية للأسرة، ولم يرض أبدأ عن قيام أمه بالتنظيف والطهي للنزلاء الغرباء، وقرر أن يفعل شيئا ليغني أمه عن كل ذلك. لم يبل جورج جيدا في المدرسة، وحكم القائمون عليها بأنه ليس موهوبا بما يكفي للتعلم، ولذا لم يتردد كثيرا في هجران مقاعد الدراسة والتقدم لشغل وظيفة مرسال في شركة تأمين، مقابل ثلاثة دولارات في الأسبوع.

George Eastman
He was a high school dropout, judged "not especially gifted" when measured against the academic standards of the day. He was poor, but even as a young man, he took it upon himself to support his widowed mother and two sisters, one of whom was severely handicapped.
He began his business career as a 14-year old office boy in an insurance company and followed that with work as a clerk in a local bank.
He was George Eastman, and his ability to overcome financial adversity, his gift for organization and management, and his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties, and enabled him to direct his Eastman Kodak Company to the forefront of American industry.

Boyhood
The youngest of three children, George Eastman was born to Maria Kilbourn and George Washington Eastman on July 12, 1854 in the village of Waterville, some 20 miles southwest of Utica, in upstate New York. The house on the old Eastman homestead, where his father was born and where George spent his early years, has since been moved to the Genesee Country Museum in Mumford, N.Y., outside of Rochester.
When George was five years old, his father moved the family to Rochester. There the elder Eastman devoted his energy to establishing Eastman Commercial College. Then tragedy struck. George's father died, the college failed and the family became financially distressed.
George continued school until he was 14. Then, forced by family circumstances, he had to find employment.
His first job, as a messenger boy with an insurance firm, paid $3 a week. A year later, he became office boy for another insurance firm. Through his own initiative, he soon took charge of policy filing and even wrote policies. His pay increased to $5 per week.
But, even with that increase, his income was not enough to meet family expenses. He studied accounting at home evenings to get a better paying job.
In 1874, after five years in the insurance business, he was hired as a junior clerk at the Rochester Savings Bank. His salary tripled -- to more than $15 a week.
Trials of an Amateur
When Eastman was 24, he made plans for a vacation to anto Domingo. When a co-worker suggested he make a record of the trip, Eastman bought a photographic outfit with all the paraphernalia of the wet plate days.
The camera was as big as a microwave oven and needed a heavy tripod. And he carried a tent so that he could spread photographic emulsion on glass plates before exposing them, and develop the exposed plates before they dried out. There were chemicals, glass tanks, a heavy plate holder, and a jug of water. The complete outfit "was a pack-horse load," as he described it. Learning how to use it to take pictures cost $5.
Eastman did not make the Santo Domingo trip. But he did become completely absorbed in photography and sought to simplify the complicated process.


He read in British magazines that photographers were making their own gelatin emulsions. Plates coated with this emulsion remained sensitive after they were dry and could be exposed at leisure. Using a formula taken from one of these British journals, Eastman began making gelatin emulsions.
He worked at the bank during the day and experimented at home in his mother's kitchen at night. His mother said that some nights Eastman was so tired he couldn't undress, but slept on a blanket on the floor beside the kitchen stove.
After three years of photographic experiments, Eastman had a formula that worked. By 1880, he had not only invented a dry plate formula, but had patented a machine for preparing large numbers of the plates. He quickly recognized the possibilities of making dry plates for sale to other photographers.