الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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01-16-2011, 11:08 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
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: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
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جون كريسوستوم
John Chrysostom (c. 349–407,
Greek
:
Ἰ
ωάννης
ὁ
Χρυσόστομος
),
Archbishop
of
Constantinople
, was an important
Early Church Father
. He is known for his eloquence in
preaching
and
public speaking
, his denunciation of
abuse of authority
by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the
Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
, and his
ascetic
sensibilities. After his death (or, according to some sources, during his life) he was given the
Greek
surname
chrysostomos
, meaning "golden mouthed", rendered in English as Chrysostom.
[2]
[3]
The
Orthodox
and
Eastern Catholic Churches
honor him as a
saint
and count him among the
Three Holy Hierarchs
, together with
Basil the Great
and
Gregory Nazianzus
. He is recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the
Catholic Church
as a saint and as a
Doctor of the Church
. Churches of the
Western
tradition, including the Roman Catholic Church, some
Anglican
provinces, and parts of the
Lutheran Church
, commemorate him on 13 September. Some
Lutheran
and many Anglican provinces commemorate him on the traditional Eastern feast day of 27 January. The
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
also recognizes John Chrysostom as a saint (with feast days on 16
Thout
and 17
Hathor
).
[4]
John is known in Christianity chiefly as a
preacher
,
theologian
and
liturgist
, particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Among his sermons, eight directed against Judaizing Christians remain controversial for their impact on the development of
Christian antisemitism
Biography
Byzantine
11th-century
soapstone
relief
of John Chrysostom,
Louvre
Early life and education
John was born in
Antioch
in 349. Different scholars describe his mother Anthusa as a
pagan
[8]
or as a Christian, and his father was a high ranking
military
officer.
[9]
John's father died soon after his birth and he was raised by his mother.
He was
baptised
in 368 or 373 and
tonsured
as a
reader
(one of the
minor orders
of the Church).
[10]
As a result of his mother's influential connections in the city, John began his education under the pagan teacher
Libanius
. From Libanius, John acquired the skills for a career in
rhetoric
, as well as a love of the Greek language and
literature
.
[11]
As he grew older, however, he became more deeply committed to Christianity and went on to study
theology
under
Diodore of Tarsus
, founder of the re-constituted
School of Antioch
. According to the Christian historian
Sozomen
, Libanius was supposed to have said on his deathbed that John would have been his successor "if the Christians had not taken him from us".
[12]
He lived with extreme
asceticism
and became a
hermit
in about 375; he spent the next two years continually standing, scarcely sleeping, and committing the
Bible
to memory. As a consequence of these practices, his stomach and kidneys were permanently damaged and poor health forced him to return to Antioch.
[13]
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