منتديات منابر ثقافية - عرض مشاركة واحدة - ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية

09-24-2011, 04:09 PM

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أوسكار فينغال أو. فلاهيرتي ويلز وايلد

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish writer and poet.

اوسكار وايلد شاعر وكاتب ايرلندي ولد في عام 1854

After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. Today he is remembered for his epigrams, plays and the circumstances of his imprisonment, followed by his early death.

Irish poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest. Oscar Wilde's other best-known works include his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), which deals very similar theme as Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886). Wilde's fairy tales are very popular – the motifs have been compared to those of Hans Christian Andersen.

"When they entered they found, hanging upon the wall, a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was." (in The Picture of Dorian Gray)

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born in Dublin to unconventional parents. His mother, Lady Jane Francesca Wilde (1820-96), was a poet and journalist. Her pen name was Sperenza. According to a story she warded off creditors by reciting Aeschylus. Wilde's father was Sir William Wilde, an Irish antiquarian, gifted writer, and specialist in diseases of the eye and ear, who founded a hospital in Dublin a year before Oscar was born. His work gained for him the honorary appointment of Surgeon Oculist in Ordinary to the Queen. Lady Wilde, who was active in the women's rights movement, was reputed to ignore her husbands amorous adventures.

Wilde studied at Portora Royal School, in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh (1864-71), Trinity College, Dublin (1871-74), and Magdalen College, Oxford (1874-78), where he was taught by Walter Patewr and John Ruskin. Already at the age of 13, Wilde's tastes in clothes were dandy's. "The flannel shirts you sent in the hamper are both Willie's mine are one quite scarlet and the other lilac but it is too hot to wear them yet," he wrote in a letter to his mother.

ولد اوسكار عام 1854 وانتقل الى مدرسة داخلية للدراسة وهو في سن العاشرة ثم مدرسة داخلية اخرى ويتضح انه انقطع عن والديه ربما لاوقات طويلة خلال هذه الدراسة كونه وكما يشار هنا كان يكتب لامه يشكرها على الملابس التي ارسلتها له ولاخيه

Willie, whom he mentioned, was his elder brother. Lady Wilde's third and last child was a daughter, named Isola Francesca, who died young.

كان له اخت اصغر منه وقت ماتت صغيرة

It has been said that Lady Wilde insisted on dressing Oscar in girl's clothers because she had longed for a girl.

يبدو ان اثر موت الاخت كان صعبا على الام فيحكى ان امه كانت تصر على ارتداء اوسكار ملابس البنات لانها كانت تتمنى ان يكون لديها طفله

In Oxford Wilde shocked the pious dons with his irreverent attitude towards religion and was jeered at his eccentric clothes. He collected blue china and peacock's feathers, and later his velvet knee-breeches drew much attention. Wilde was taller than most of his contemporaries, and athletically built, but the subject of sport bored him. In 1878 Wilde received his B.A. and on the same year he moved to London. Soon his lifestyle and humorous wit made him the most talked-about advocate of Aestheticism, the late 19th century movement in England that argued for the idea of art for art's sake. To earn his living, Wilde worked as art reviewer (1881), lectured in the United States and Canada (1882), and in Britain (1883-1884). Since his childhood, Wilde had studied the art of conversation. His talk was articulate, imaginative, and poetic. From the mid-1880s he was regular contributor for Pall Mall Gazette and Dramatic View. Between 1887 and 1889 he edited Woman's World magazine

Wilde married Constance Mary Lloyd in 1884; his love letters have not survived. Constance was interested in arts, ambroidery, and could read Dante in Italian. It is possible that Wilde told her something of his sexual past. "... I am content to let the past be buried, it does not belong to me," she said in a letter, "I will hold you fast with chains of love."

واضح ان اوسكار كان شاذ جنسيا ويمكن ان سبب ذلك الشذوذ نتج على بيئة المدارس الداخلية او لاسباب نفسية كنتيجة لموت اخته ومن ثمه اجباره على ارتداء ملابس البنات

At Portora Royal School he had had some "sentimental friendships" with boys, and he had a encounter with a female prostitute in Paris while going steady with Constance. Wilde's marriage ended in 1893, but the couple never divorced officially.

The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888), a collection of fairy-stories, Wilde wrote for his two sons, Cyril and Vyvyan. The Picture of Dorian Gray followed in 1890 and next year he brought out more fairy tales. Wilde had met an few years earlier Lord Alfred Douglas ("Bosie"), an athlete and a poet, who became both the love of the author's life and his downfall. "The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it," Wilde once said. Bosie's uncle, Lord Jim, caused a scandal when he filled in the 1891 census describing his wife as a "lunatic" and his stepson as a "shoeblack born in darkest Africa." During a stay in Paris, Wilde wrote Salomé in French. An anonymous English translation, dedicated to Alfred Douglas, was published in 1894. Richard Strauss's operatic version of the play was first performed in Dresden, five years after Wilde's death.

The Picture of Dorian Gray was published first by Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. Some of the homosexual content was censored by Lippincott editor J. M. Stoddart. Wilde revised the novel still further before it came out in expanded book form in 1891, added with six chapters. The book has some parallels with Wilde's own life. At Oxford he became a close friend of Frank Miles, a painter, and the homosexual aesthete Lord Ronald Gower, and it seems that they both are represented in Dorian Gray. In the story Dorian, a Victorian gentleman, sells his soul to keep his youth and beauty. The tempter is Lord Henry Wotton, who lives selfishly for amoral pleasure. "If only the picture could change and I could be always what I am now. For that, I would give anything. Yes, there's nothing in the whole world I wouldn't give. I'd give my soul for that." (from the film adaptation of 1945). Dorian starts his wicked acts, ruins lives, causes a young woman's suicide and murders Basil Hallward, his portrait painter, his conscience. However, although Dorian retains his youth, his painting ages and catalogues every evil deed, showing his monstrous image, a sign of his moral leprosy. The book highlights the tension between the polished surface of high life and the life of secret vice. In the end sin is punished. When Dorian destroys the painting, his face turns into a human replica of the portrait and he dies. "Ugliness is the only reality,'" summarizes Wilde.

Wilde made his reputation in theatre world between the years 1892 and 1895 with a series of highly popular plays. Lady Windermere's Fan (1892) dealt with a blackmailing divorcée driven to self-sacrifice by maternal love. In A Woman of No Importance (1893) an illegitimate son is torn between his father and mother. An Ideal Husband (1895) dealt with blackmail, political corruption and public and private honour. The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) was a comedy of manners. John Worthing (who prefers to call himself Jack) and Algernon Moncrieff (Algy) are two fashionable young gentlemen. John tells that he has a brother called Ernest, but in town John himself is known as Ernest and Algernon also pretends to be the profligate brother Ernest. "Relly, if the lower orders don't set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them?" (in The Importance of Being Earnest) Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew are two ladies whom the two snobbish characters court. Gwendolen declares that she never travels without her diary because "one should always have something sensational to read in the train".

Before the theatrical success Wilde produced several essays, many of these anonymously. "Anybody can write a three-volume novel. It merely requires a complete ignorance of both life and literature," he once stated. His two major literary-theoretical works were the dialogues 'The Decay of Lying' (1889) and 'The Critic as Artist' (1890). In the latter Wilde lets his character state, that criticism is the superior part of creation, and that the critic must not be fair, rational, and sincere, but possessed of "a temperament exquisitely susceptible to beauty". In a more traditional essay The Soul of a Man Under Socialism (1891) Wilde takes an optimistic view of the road to socialist future. He rejects the Christian ideal of self-sacrifice in favor of joy. "The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it."

Although married and the father of two children, Wilde's personal life was open to rumours. His years of triumph ended dramatically, when his intimate association with Alfred Douglas led to his trial on charges of homosexuality (then illegal in Britain). He was sentenced two years hard labour for the crime of sodomy. During his first trial Wilde defended himself, that "the 'Love that dare not speak its name' in this century is such a great affection of an eleder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare... There is nothing unnatural about it." Mr. Justice Wills, stated when pronouncing the sentence, that "people who can do these things must be dead to all senses of shame, and one cannot hope to produce any effect upon them." During the trial and while he served his sentence, Bosie stood by Wilde, although the author felt himself betrayed. Later they met in Naples.

Wilde was first in Wandsworth prison, London, and then Reading Gaol. When he was at last allowed pen and paper after more than 19 months of deprivation, Wilde had became inclined to take opposite views on the potential of humankind toward perfection. During this time he wrote DE PROFUNDIS (1905), a dramatic monologue and autobiography, which was addressed to Alfred Douglas. "Everything about my tragedy has been hideous, mean, repellent, lacking in style. Our very dress makes us grotesques. We are the zanies of sorrow. We are the clowns whose hearts are broken." (in De Profundis)

سجن بتهة الشذوذ الجنسي وبقي في السجن ما يزيد على العامين وكتب في السجن رواية على شكل مذكرات

After his release in 1897 Wilde lived under the name Sebastian Melmoth in Berneval, near Dieppe, then in Paris. He wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, revealing his concern for inhumane prison conditions. It is said, that on his death bed Wilde became a Roman Catholic. He died of cerebral meningitis on November 30, 1900, penniless, in a cheap Paris hotel at the age of 46. "Do you want to know the great drama of my life," asked Wilde before his death of André Gide. "It's that I have put my genius into my life; all I've put into my works is my talent."

مات عن 46 سنه بالتهاب السحايا في احد فنادق باريس وكان مفلسا عندها

Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre, Trinity College, Dublin) the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde died on 1876 when Oscar was 22 years. )

مات ابوه عندما كان في بداية السنة الـ 22 . ( يمكن اعتبارة يتيم في سن الحادية والعشرين كونه من مواليد شهر اكتوبر 1854 أي ان عمره 21 سنه عندما توفي والده.

( Sir William Robert Wills WildeMD, FRCSI, (March 1815 – 19 April 1876))

and Jane Francesca Wilde died 1896, two years behind William ("Willie").

In addition to his children with his wife, Sir William Wilde was the father of three children born out of wedlock before his marriage: Henry Wilson, born in 1838, and Emily and Mary Wilde, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively, of different parentage to Henry. Sir William acknowledged paternity of his illegitimate children and provided for their education, but they were reared by his relatives rather than with his wife and legitimate children.

كان لوالده ثلاثه ابناء غير شرعيين

In 1855, the family moved to No. 1 Merrion Square, where Wilde's sister, Isola, was born in 1857. The Wildes' new home was larger and, with both his parents' sociality and success soon became a "unique medical and cultural milieu"; guests at their salon included Sheridan le Fanu, Charles Lever, George Petrie, Isaac Butt, William Rowan Hamilton and Samuel Ferguson.[3]

Until he was nine, Oscar Wilde was educated at home, where a French bonne and a German governess taught him their languages[

اشرف على تربيتة وتعلمية حتى اصبح 9 سنوات مربيات واحدة فرنسية واخرى المانية

He then attended Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. Until his early twenties, Wilde summered at the villa his father built in Moytura, County Mayo. There the young Wilde and his brother Willie played with George Moore.

Isola died aged nine of meningitis. Wilde's poem "Requiescat" is dedicated to her memory:

"Tread lightly, she is near

Under the snow

Speak gently, she can hear

the daisies grow"

ماتت اخته اسولا والتي ولدت عام 1857 وعمرها 9 سنوات أي عندما كان اوسكار في سن الحادية عشره وقد رثاها في احدى قصائده

- اوسكار وايلد شاعر وكاتب ايرلندي ولد في عام 1854
- ولد اوسكار عام 1854 وانتقل الى مدرسة داخلية للدراسة وهو في سن العاشرة ثم مدرسة داخلية اخرى ويتضح انه انقطع عن والديه ربما لاوقات طويلة خلال هذه الدراسة كونه وكما يشار هنا كان يكتب لامه يشكرها على الملابس التي ارسلتها له ولاخيه
- كان له اخت اصغر منه ( ازولا ) وقت ماتت صغيرة
- يبدو ان اثر موت الاخت كان صعبا على الام فيحكى ان امه كانت تصر على ارتداء اوسكار ملابس البنات لانها كانت تتمنى ان يكون لديها طفله
- واضح ان اوسكار كان شاذ جنسيا ويمكن ان سبب ذلك الشذوذ نتج على بيئة المدارس الداخلية او لاسباب نفسية كنتيجة لموت اخته ومن ثمه اجباره على ارتداء ملابس البنات
- سجن بتهة الشذوذ الجنسي وبقي في السجن ما يزيد على العامين وكتب في السجن رواية على شكل مذكرات
- مات عن 46 سنه بالتهاب السحايا في احد فنادق باريس وكان مفلسا عندها
- مات ابوه عندما كان في بداية السنة الـ 22 . ( يمكن اعتبارة يتيم في سن الحادية والعشرين كونه من مواليد شهر اكتوبر 1854 أي ان عمره 21 سنه عندما توفي والده.
- كان لوالده ثلاثه ابناء غير شرعيين
- اشرف على تربيتة وتعلمية حتى اصبح 9 سنوات مربيات واحدة فرنسية واخرى المانية
- ماتت اخته اسولا والتي ولدت عام 1857 وعمرها 9 سنوات أي عندما كان اوسكار في سن الحادية عشره وقد رثاها في احدى قصائده .
انسان مأزوم وعانا من موت اختة الصغيرة في سن الـ 11 ومن سولك امه ومن شذوذ جنسي ودرس في مدرسة داخلية لكن ربما ان اعظم حدث مؤثر في حياته هو موت والدهف في سن الحادية والعشرين.

انسان مأزوم وهو ايضا يتيم الاب في سن الـ 21

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