Martin Luther

- Martin Luther was a German professor, a monk, theologian, and church reformer. Luther’s theology challenged the authority of the church by stating that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority and that all baptized Christians are a priesthood of believers. According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by true repentance and faith in “Jesus as the Messiah.” His revolutionary ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and changed the philosophy of Western civilization.
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Martin Luther (German pronunciation: ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge[2] and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.[3] Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation,[4] and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible.[5] His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches.[6] His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.[7]
In his later years, while suffering from several illnesses and deteriorating health, Luther became increasingly antisemitic, writing that Jewish homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated and liberty curtailed. These statements have contributed to his controversial status.[8]

Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means" and notes that Luther's enemies would later wrongly describe her as a whore and bath attendant.
He had several brothers and sisters, and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob. Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.
In 1501, at the age of nineteen, he entered the University of Erfurt – which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. The schedule called for waking at four every morning for what has been described as "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises." He received his master's degree in 1505.
In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers[15] and to test everything himself by experience.[16] Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason.[16] For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed, and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him.[16]
He later attributed his decision to an event: on 2 July 1505, he was on horseback during a thunderstorm and a lightning bolt struck near him as he was returning to university after a trip home. Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment, he cried out, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!"[17] He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break. He left law school, sold his books, and entered a closed Augustinian friary in Erfurt on 17 July 1505.[18] One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said.[16] His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.[19]

Luther dedicated himself to monastic life, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. He would later remark, "If anyone could have gained heaven as a monk, then I would indeed have been among them."[21] Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailor and hangman of my poor soul."[22]
Johann von Staupitz, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1508 began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another Bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509.[24] On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible.[25] He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.

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Martin was sent by his father to Latin schools in Mansfeld and then Magdeburg. Luther later compared hisducation there to purgatory and hell.

مارتن لوثر (Martin Luther) (أيسلبن، 10 نوفمبر1483 / 894 هـ - أيسلبن، 18 فبراير1546 / 953 هـ)، مصلح ديني مسيحي ألماني شهير، يعد الأب الروحي للإصلاح البروتستانتي.

مارتن لوثر
التحق لوثر في سنة 1497 بالمدرسة اللاتينية في ماغديبورغ لدى إخوة الحياة المشتركة، وهي جمعية دينية قروسطية الأصول. بناءاً على والده، التحق بجامعة إرفورت سنة 1501 وحصل على الإجازة الجامعية في سنة 1505.
يقول عن نفسه أن قسوة أبويه عليه حملاه على دخول الدير الأوغسطيني في إرفورت سنة 1505.
وفي سنة 1507 رسّم قسيساً، وفي سنة 1508 قام بتدريس الفلسفة في جامعة فتنبرج، وتولى شرح كتاب "الأخلاق إلى نيقوماخوس" لأرسطو. واستمر في ذلك عامي 1508 - 1509. وقد شعر بأن هذه المهمة شاقة عليه، كما يبدو، مما كتبه لصديقه يوهانس براون، القسيس في ايزنآخ، إذ يقول: " إذا أردت أن تعلم كيف حالي، فاعلم أنني في حال طيبة بفضل الله. لكن الدراسة صعبة شاقة خصوصاً دراسة الفلسفة، وكان بودي أن استبدل بها، منذ البداية، دراسة اللاهوت، أعني اللاهوت الذي يبحث عن بذرة الجوزة، ولباب حبة القمح، ونخاع العظام".
ويعد مارتن لوثر رائد حركة الاصلاح الديني في ألمانيا ...

في سنة 1511 سافر إلى روما، وهذه الرحلة هي التي غيرت مجرى حياته، ولما عاد منها بدأ سيرته مصلحاً للدين المسيحي. وكان البابا في روما، في أشد الحاجة إلى المال، ولم يجد سبيلاً للحصول عليه إلا عن طريق إصدار وبيع صكوك الغفران، وكان يطلب إلى الناس شراؤها ليغفر الله ذنوب أقربائهم أو من يشاؤون ممن يعذبون في المطهر بسبب ما اقترفوه من ذنوب. وكان يشرف على هذه العملية راهب دومنيكي يدعى يوحنا تتسل وذلك في سنة 1516، فراح يروّج لها بطرق ظاهرة أثارت ثائرة مارتن لوثر، فأصدر لوثر بياناً يحتوي على 95 قضية ضد صكوك الغفران. ولصق البيان على باب كنيسة فتنبرج، في يوم 31 أكتوبر1517، فسافر تتسل إلى فرانكفورت وأصدر من هناك بياناً فند فيه قضايا لوثر الـ 95 ،وقام بإحراق بيان لوثر علناً، فانتقم الطلاب في فتنبرج فأحرقوا بيان تتسل.

هناك من يقول ان والدته كانت بائعة هوى . ليس يتيم. لكن الابرز في طفولته قسوة التربية حيث يقول عن نفسه أن قسوة أبويه عليه حملاه على دخول الدير الأوغسطيني في إرفورت سنة 1505. كما يقول عن دراسته بأنه اقرب الى العذاب وجهنم.

يتيم اجتماعي.