الموضوع: ما الذي يصنع القائد العسكري الفذ؟؟!! دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
قديم 08-26-2012, 10:26 PM
المشاركة 47
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
46-ماو تسي تونج

Mao was born on 26 December 1893 in a rural village in Shaoshan, Hunan Province.[12][13][14][15] His father, Mao Shun-sheng (1870–?), had been born into a poverty-stricken peasant family, and had gained two years worth of education before joining the army. Eventually returning to agriculture, he earned a living as both a moneylender and a grain merchant, buying up local grain and then selling it on in the city for a higher price, allowing him to become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshen, with 20 acres of land. Mao Zedong would describe his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would often punish his son and other children – two boys, Tse-min (b.1896) and Tse-tan (b.1905), and an adopted girl – for any perceived wrongdoings, sometimes by beating them.[13][16][17][18] His wife, Wen Ch'i-mei, was illiterate but a devout Buddhist who tried to temper her husband's strict attitude towards both his children and other locals.[19][20][21] Following his mother's example, Mao also became a practising Buddhist from an early age, venerating a bronze statue of the Buddha which was in their home, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years. His father was largely irreligious, although after surviving an encounter with a tiger, began to give offerings to the gods in thanks.[19][22][23]
Aged 8, Mao was sent to the local Shaoshan Primary School by his father, who recognised the financial value of a basic education. Here, Mao was taught the value systems of Confucianism, one of the dominant moral ideologies in China, but he would later admit that he did not enjoy reading the classical Chinese texts which preached Confucian morals, instead favouring popular novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin.[24][25] Reacting against his Confucian upbringing, aged 10 Mao ran away from home, heading for what he believed was a nearby town, but eventually his father found him and brought him home.[26][27][28]
Aged 13, Mao finished primary education, and his father had him married to Luo Yixiu (1889–1910), a woman eight years his senior, in order to unite their two land-owning families. They never lived together and Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a fierce critic of arranged marriage.[29][30][31][32] He began work on his father's farm, but continued to read voraciously in his spare time.[28][29] One of the most influential texts that he read was Cheng Kuan-ying's Sheng-shih Wei-yen (Words of Warning to an Affluent Age), a political tract that lamented the deterioration of Chinese power in East Asia, arguing for technological, economic and political reform, modelling China on the representative democracies of the western world. He would later claim that he first developed a "political consciousness" from that booklet.[33][34] Another influential book which he read at the time was a translation of Great Heroes of the World, becoming inspired by the American revolutionary George Washington and French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, whose military prowess and nationalistic fervour greatly impressed him.[35][36]
His political views of the time were also shaped by popular protests that had erupted following a famine in Changsha, the capital of Hunan; Mao supported the protester's demands, but the armed forces soon suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders.[30][37][38] The famine soon spread throughout Hunan, reaching Shaoshan; here, starving peasants seized some of his father's grain, and while Mao disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, he also claimed a great deal of sympathy for their situation.[39][40] Aged 16, Mao moved on to study at a higher primary school in nearby Tungshan.[28][37] Here, he was taught alongside students of a higher social standing, and was often bullied for his scruffy appearance and peasant background; being much older than the other pupils, he failed
لا يعرف متى مات واليده، لكن يعرف ان طفولته كانت كارثية وكان اباه صعبا. هرب من المنزل وهو طفل وزوجه ابوه وهو في سن الرابعة عشرة لامراة تكبره ب ثماني اعوام. على الاغلب انه يتيم قبل سن 21 لكننا سنعتبره :

يتيم اجتماعي.