Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
Twain was born during a visit by Halley's Comet, and predicted that he would "go out with it" as well. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age," and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."
لقب بأبو الادب الامركيي
Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood:
كان الابن السادس من بين سبعة ابناء مات منهم اربعة في الطفولة.
his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858);
مات اخوه هنري عام 1858 في انفجار سفينة حينما كان يعمل مع صمويل وعمر صمويل عندها كان 23 سنة
and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three,
ماتت اخته مارجريت وعمره 3 سنوات
and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later.
مات اخوه بنجامين عام 1842 عندما كان صمويل 7 سنوات
Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months.
اخ اخر مات عام 1829 عندما كان عمره 6 اشهر
Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet."
When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
عندما كان توين في الرابعة انتقلت العائلة الى مدينة تقع على نهر المسسبي
Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.
عاش في ولاية كانت تعاني من مشاكل العبودية للسود
Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge.
والده كان محامي وقاضي
In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.
مات ابوه عام 1847 عندما كان توين 11 سنة
The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school.[12] At 22, Twain returned to Missouri.
سافر عندما بلغ الثامنة عشر الى نيويورك للعمل هناك
Financial troubles
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine.
Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.
وقع في مشاكل مالية حيث خسر الكثير من امواله واموال زوجته في استثمارات متعثرة
Twain embarked on an around-the-world lecture tour in 1894 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.
في العام 1894 سافر الى امكان كثيرة لالقاء المحاضرات لعله يتمكن من تسديد ديونه
Later life and death
Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly.
In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.

Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."
In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:[38]
I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.'
His prediction was accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
ولد مارك توين عندما مر المذنب هالي باقرب نقطة من الارض وتوقع ان يموت عندما يعود وكتب يقول ان عدم موت عند مرور المذنب من جديد بجانب الارض سيكون مخيب للأمال وقد صدق في توقعه حيث مات بعد يوم واحد من مرور المذنب.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:[
"Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature."