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Charles XII
also
Carl of Sweden
,
Swedish
:
Karl XII
,
Latinized
to
Carolus Rex
,
Turkish
:
Demirbaş Şarl
(which means
Charles the Habitué
or
Charles the Fixture
) (
17 June 1682
– 30 November 1718) was the
King
of the
Swedish Empire
from 1697 to 1718. Charles was the only surviving son of King
Charles XI of Sweden
and
Ulrika Eleonora the Elder
, he assumed power after a seven-month caretaker government at the age of fifteen.
In 1700, a triple alliance of
Denmark–Norway
,
Saxony
–
Poland–Lithuania
and
Russia
launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of
Swedish Holstein-Gottorp
and provinces of
Livonia
and
Ingria
, aiming to draw advantage as
Sweden
was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the
Great Northern War
. Leading the formidable
Swedish army
against the alliance, Charles had by 1706 forced to submission all parties but Russia.
Charles' subsequent
march on Moscow
ended with the dismemberment of the Swedish army at
Poltava
and
Perevolochna
, and he spent the following years in exile in the
Ottoman Empire
before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two failed campaigns concluded with his death at the
Siege of Fredriksten
in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent
Treaty of Nystad
. The close would see not only the end of the
Swedish Empire
but also of its effectively organized
absolute monarchy
and war machine, commencing
a parliamentarian government
unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by
Gustav III
.
Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts he is quoted by
Voltaire
as saying, upon the outbreak of the war; "I have resolved never to start an unjust war but never to end a legitimate one except by defeating my enemies." With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children, and was succeeded by his sister
Ulrika Eleonora
, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the
Riksdag of the Estates
and opted to surrender the throne to her husband, who became King
Frederick I of Sweden
.
والده Charles XI also
Carl
,
Swedish
:
Karl XI
(24 November 1655
old style
– 5 April
1697
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 15
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