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Sep 2009
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84- كيم ايل سونج
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
, commonly referred to as
North Korea
, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.
[1]
He held the posts of
Prime Minister
from 1948 to 1972 and
President
from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of the
Workers' Party of Korea
from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966). He also sent his army to South Korea and caused a civil war between North Korea and South Korea. This was also referred as the Korean war, which lasted for 3 years. The Korean war started in 1950 and ended in 1953 with a ceasefire.
His tenure as leader of North Korea has often been described as
autocratic
, and he established an all-pervasive
cult of personality
. From the mid-1960s, he promoted his self-developed
Juche
variant of socialist national organisation,
[2]
which later replaced
Marxism-Leninism
as the ideology of the state in 1972. In the
Library of Congress
Country Study on North Korea in 2009, he was described as "one of the most intriguing figures of the twentieth century". He outlived
Joseph Stalin
by four decades,
Mao Zedong
by two, and remained in power during the terms of office of six
South Korean presidents
, 7
Soviet leaders
, ten
U.S. presidents
, fourteen
UK Prime Ministers
and twenty-one
Japanese prime ministers
.
Following his death in 1994, he was succeeded by his oldest son
Kim Jong-il
and later in 2012 by his grandson
Kim Jong-un
. North Korea officially refers to Kim Il-sung as "The Great Leader" (
Suryong
in Korean 수령) and he is designated in the North Korean constitution as the country's "
Eternal President
". His birthday is a
public holiday in North Korea
.
Life
[Early years
Many of the early records of his life come from his own personal accounts and official North Korean government publications, which often conflict with external sources. Nevertheless, there is some consensus on at least the basic story of his early life, corroborated by witnesses from the period.
Kim was born to
Kim Hyŏng-jik
and
Kang Pan-sŏk
, who gave him the name
Kim Sŏng-ju
; he had two younger brothers, Ch’ŏl-chu and Yŏng-ju. The ancestral seat (
pon’gwan
) of Kim's family is
Chŏnju
,
North Chŏlla Province
, and, if the legend of the Chŏnju Kim is true, he was a descendant of
King Gyeongsun
of
Silla
.
[3]
What little that is known about the family contends that sometime around the time of the
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
, a direct ancestor moved north. The claim may be understood in light of the fact that the early Chosŏn government’s policy of populating the north resulted in mass resettlement of southern farmers in Pyŏngan and Hamgyŏng regions in the 15th and 16th centuries. At any rate, the majority of the Chŏnju Kim today live in North Korea, and extant Chŏnju Kim genealogies provide spotty records.
The exact history of Kim's family is somewhat obscure. According to Kim himself the family was neither very poor nor comfortably well-off, but was always a step away from poverty. Kim claims he was raised in a
Presbyterian
family, that his maternal grandfather was a Protestant
minister
, that his father had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and that his parents were very active in the religious community.
[4]
[5]
[6]
According to the official version, Kim’s family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920 they fled to
Manchuria
. Another view seems to be that his family settled in Manchuria like many Koreans at the time to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim’s parents apparently did play a minor role in some activist groups, though whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both is unclear.
[7]
[8]
Kim's father died in 1926, when Kim was fourteen years old
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 14
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