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Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC), also known as Scipio the African, Scipio the Elder, and Scipio the Great was a general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic. He was best known for defeating Hannibal at the final battle of the Second Punic War at Zama, a feat that earned him the agnomen Africanus, the nickname "the Roman Hannibal", as well as recognition as one of the finest commanders in military history. An earlier great display of his tactical abilities had come already at the Battle of Ilipa.
Biography</SPAN>

Early years</SPAN>

Publius Cornelius Scipio, later Africanus from his victory at the Battle of Zama, the founder of the Africanus branch of the Cornelii Scipiones, was born by Caesarian section into the Scipio branch of the Cornelia gens. The birth year is calculated from a series of statements made by multiple ancient historians of how old he was when certain events in his life occurred. The statements all seem to agree or be reconcilable: if he was 17 when he led a charge to his father's rescue at the Battle of Ticinus (218 BC), and 24 when he volunteered to take over the army in Hispania when no one else would (211 BC), after the defeat and death there of his uncle and father, the two consuls, and 27 when he led a victorious campaign against the city of New Carthage on the coast of Hispania (209 BC), then he must have been born in 236/5, usually stated as 236 BC. The year was 517 from the foundation of Rome.
The Cornelii Scipiones were one of six major patrician families - along with the Manlii, the Fabii, the Aemilii, the Claudii, and the Valerii - with a record of successful public service in the highest offices extending back at least to the early Roman Republic. Several ancestors were consuls successively, and his great-grandfather, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, had been patrician censor in 280 BC. At the time Scipio Africanus lived, the Scipiones were probably the most prominent branch of the Cornelii, at least in the hindsight of the historians, who have only glowing reports of his family and career. He is unquestionably one of the leading characters of Roman history.
Scipio was the second oldest son of Publius Cornelius Scipio, praetor and consul by his wife Pomponia, whose pleb family were of equestrian (knight) status. His older brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, and a friend since boyhood, Gaius Laelius, served with him in the military, both of whom the historian, Polybius, was able to question concerning the life and character of the great man after his death.[4]
Early military service</SPAN>

At an early age, Scipio joined the Roman struggle against Carthage in the Second Punic War. At some point, he is said to have promised his father to continue the struggle against Carthage all his life, showing similar dedication to that of his enemy, Hannibal. The young Scipio survived the disastrous battles at Ticinus, Trebia, and Cannae. According to Polybius, he saved his father's life when he was 18, by "charging the encircling force alone with reckless daring" at the Battle of Ticinus.[5] Scipio's would-be father-in-law Lucius Aemilius Paullus was killed in 216 BC at the Battle of Cannae. Despite these defeats at the hands of the Carthaginians, Scipio remained focused on securing Roman victory. Scipio was never again to see a Roman force defeated, for once given command at the age of 25 he never lost a battle.]
After the disastrous Battle of Cannae, and on hearing that Lucius Caecilius Metellus and other politicians were at the point of surrendering Rome to Hannibal and the Carthaginians, Scipio and his supporters stormed into the meeting, and at sword-point he forced all present to swear that they would continue in faithful service to Rome. Fortunately, the Roman Senate was of like mind and refused to entertain thoughts of peace, despite the great losses Rome had taken in the war: approximately one-fifth of the men of military age had died within a few years of Hannibal's invasion.
He is also thought to have consulted with or at least informed his mother before deciding to run for quaestor, the most junior magistrate who was entitled to enter the Senate. Scipio ran for this office at the age of 24[7] and offered in 211 BC to then take over command in Hispania, where he found the enemy west of the Ebro river.[8] Scipio offered himself as a candidate for the quaestorship in the year 213 BC, apparently to assist his less popular cousin Lucius Cornelius, who was also standing for election. The Tribunes of the Plebs (elected representatives from the Plebeian Assembly) objected to his candidacy, saying that he could not be allowed to stand because he had not yet reached the legal age (curule aediles were automatically entitled to enter the Senate and the legal age for Senate membership was 30). Scipio, already known for his bravery and patriotism, was elected unanimously and the Tribunes abandoned their opposition.

لا يتعرف تحديدا متى ولد وواضح انه عاش طفولة عاصفة، فقد كان عسكريا وشارك في المعارك وهو طفل وانقذ والده في احد المعارك وعمره 17 سنه حسب بعض التقديرات لكن لا يمكن الجزم بما كانت عليه طفولته وعليه سنعتبره :

مجهول الطفولة.