الموضوع: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
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افتراضي رد: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
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جيستنيان

(482 ـ 565م)

فلافيوس جستنيانوس Flavius Justinianus أشهر أباطرة الروم البيزنطيين، إذ بلغت الامبراطورية الرومانية الشرقية في عهده (527-565) أوج قوتها وعظمتها.
ولد في إحدى قرى مقدونية لأسرة من الفلاحين، لاتينية اللسان، وكان اسمه بطرس سباتيوس، ثم اتخذ اسم جستنيانوس بعد أن تبناه عمه القائد العسكري والامبراطور اللاحق جستين (518-527) Justin .

تلقى تربية ممتازة فغدا من أعظم رجال عصره ثقافة. بدأ صعوده السياسي في عهد عمه، فتقلد عدداً من المناصب الرفيعة توّجها بالقنصلية عام 520، وشارك في تحمل مسؤولية الحكم، ومنح لقب أغسطس الذي ضمن له ولاية العهد، ثم خلف عمه جستين على عرش الامبراطورية عام 527م.

من أشهر أعمال جستنيان وأبقاها وأعظمها تأثيراً جمع الحقوق الرومانية وتدوينها في عهده، فيما أصبح يُعرف بـ «مدونة جستنيان» Cropus Luris Civilis (أو مجموعة القانون المدني المؤلفة من أربعة أقسام: القانون، المختار، الشرائع، المستجدات)، وهي التي حفظت القوانين الرومانية التي صارت مصدراً للقواعد القانونية الأساسية في أوربة وكثير من بلدان العالم.
http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnE ncyclopedia&func=dis play_term&id=160175

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%...A3%D9%88%D9%84
Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός, Phlābios Petros Sabbatios Ioustiniānos); AD 483 – 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is considered a saint amongst Eastern Orthodox Christians, and is also commemorated by some Lutheran Churches[1]; at the other end of the scale, his contemporary, Procopius, viewed Justinian as a cruel, venal, and incompetent ruler.[2]
One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity, Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and empire. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but ultimately failed renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the empire".[3] This ambition was expressed in the partial recovery of the territories of the Western Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for many centuries.
A devastating outbreak of bubonic plague (see Plague of Justinian) in the early 540s marked the end of an age of splendor. The empire entered a period of territorial decline not to be reversed until the ninth century.
Procopius provides the primary source for the history of Justinian's reign. The Syriac chronicle of John of Ephesus, which does not survive, was used as a source for later chronicles, contributing many additional details of value. Both historians became very bitter towards Justinian and his empress, Theodora. Procopius also wrote the Anekdota (the so-called Secret History), which reports on various scandals at Justinian's court. Other sources include the histories of Agathias, Menander Protector, John Malalas, the Paschal Chronicle, the chronicles of Marcellinus Comes and Victor of Tunnuna.

Justinian was born in Tauresium in the Roman province of Dardania (today Taor near Skopje, Republic of Macedonia), in AD 483.[4] His Latin-speaking peasant family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins.[5][6][7] The cognomen Iustinianus which he took later is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin.[8] During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace, today in South East Serbia.[9][10][11] His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. Justin, who was in the imperial guard (the Excubitors) before he became emperor,[12] adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education.[12] As a result, Justinian was well educated in jurisprudence, theology and Roman history.[12] Justinian served for some time with the Excubitors but the details of his early career are unknown.[12] Chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, tells of his appearance that he was short, fair skinned, curly haired, round faced and handsome. Another contemporary chronicler, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander.[13]
When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor, with significant help from Justinian.[12] During Justin's reign (518-527), Justinian was the emperor's close confidant. Justinian showed much ambition, and it has been thought that he was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor on 1 April 527, although there is no conclusive evidence for this.[14] As Justin became senile near the end of his reign, Justinian became the de facto ruler.[12] Justinian was appointed consul in 521, and later commander of the army of the east.[12][15] Upon Justin I's death on 1 August 527, Justinian became the sole sovereign.[12]

The Barberini Ivory, which is thought to portray either Justinian or Anastasius I.
As a ruler, Justinian showed great energy. He was known as "the Emperor who never sleeps" on account of his work habits. Nevertheless, he seems to have been amenable and easy to approach.[16]

Justinian's family came from a lowly and provincial background, and therefore he had no power base in the traditional aristocracy of Constantinople. Instead, he surrounded himself with men and women of extraordinary talent, whom he selected not on the basis of aristocratic origin, but on the basis of m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I

Justinian was born in Tauresium in the Roman province of Dardania (today Taor near Skopje, Republic of Macedonia), in AD 483. [4] His Latin-speaking peasant family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins. [5] [6] [7]

The cognomen Iustinianus which he took later is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin. [8] During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace, today in South East Serbia. [9] [10] [11] His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. Justin, who was in the imperial guard (the Excubitors) before he became emperor, [12] adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education. [12]

http://wapedia.mobi/en/Justinian_I


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