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Benedict Arnold (January 14, 1741 [
O.S.
January 3, 1740]
[1]
[2]
– June 14, 1801) was a
general
during the
American Revolutionary War
who originally fought for the American
Continental Army
but
defected
to the
British Army
. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at
West Point, New York
, and plotted to surrender it to the
British
forces. After the plot was exposed in September 1780, he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.
Born in
Connecticut
, Arnold was a merchant operating ships on the
Atlantic Ocean
when the war broke out in 1775. After joining the growing army outside
Boston
, he distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. His actions included the
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
in 1775, defensive and delaying tactics despite losing the
Battle of Valcour Island
on
Lake Champlain
in 1776, the
Battle of Ridgefield
, Connecticut (after which he was promoted to major general), operations in relief of the
Siege of Fort Stanwix
, and key actions during the pivotal
Battles of Saratoga
in 1777, in which he suffered leg injuries that ended his combat career for several years.
Despite Arnold's successes, he was passed over for promotion by the
Continental Congress
while other officers claimed credit for some of his accomplishments.
[3]
Adversaries in military and political circles brought charges of corruption or other malfeasance, but most often he was acquitted in formal inquiries. Congress investigated his accounts and found he was indebted to Congress after spending much of his own money on the war effort. Frustrated and bitter, Arnold decided to change sides in 1779, and opened secret negotiations with the British. In July 1780, he was offered, continued to pursue and was awarded command of
West Point
. Arnold's scheme to surrender the fort to the British was exposed when American forces captured British Major
John André
carrying papers that revealed the plot. Upon learning of André's capture, Arnold fled down the
Hudson River
to the British
sloop-of-war
Vulture
, narrowly avoiding capture by the forces of
George Washington
, who had been alerted to the plot.
Arnold received a commission as a
brigadier general
in the
British Army
, an annual pension of
£
360, and a lump sum of over £6,000.
[4]
He led British forces on raids in
Virginia
, and nearly captured
Thomas Jefferson
, and against
New London and Groton, Connecticut
, before the war effectively ended with the American
victory at Yorktown
. In the winter of 1782, Arnold moved to
London
with his second wife,
Margaret "Peggy" Shippen Arnold
. He was well received by
King George III
and the
Tories
but frowned upon by the
Whigs
. In 1787, he entered into mercantile business with his sons Richard and Henry in
Saint John, New Brunswick
, but returned to London to settle permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later.
Because of the way he changed sides, his name quickly became a
byword
in the United States for
treason
or betrayal.
[5]
His conflicting legacy is recalled in the ambiguous nature of
some of the memorials
that have been placed in his honor.
Early life
Benedict was born the second of six children to Benedict Arnold (1683–1761) and
Hannah Waterman King
in
Norwich
,
Connecticut
, on January 14, 1741.
[1]
Like his father and grandfather, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, he was named after his great-grandfather
Benedict Arnold
, an early governor of the
Colony of Rhode Island
.
[1]
Only Benedict and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings succumbed to
yellow fever
in childhood.
[6]
His siblings were, in order of birth: Benedict (August 15, 1738 – April 30, 1739), Hannah (December 9, 1742 – August 11, 1803), Mary (June 4, 1745 – September 10, 1753), Absolom (April 4, 1747 – July 22, 1750) and Elizabeth (November 19, 1749 – September 29, 1755). Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of
John Lothropp
, an ancestor of at least four
U.S. presidents
.
[7]
Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. When he was ten, Arnold was enrolled in a private school in nearby
Canterbury
, with the expectation that he would eventually attend
Yale
. However, the deaths of his siblings two years later may have contributed to a decline in the family fortunes, since his father took up drinking. By the time he was fourteen, there was no money for private education. His father's
alcoholism
and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for Arnold with two of her cousins, brothers Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful
apothecary
and general merchandise trade in Norwich.
[8]
His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years.
[9]
In 1755, Arnold, attracted by the sound of a drummer, attempted to enlist in the provincial
militia
for
service against the French
, but his mother refused permission.
[10]
In 1757, when he was sixteen, he did enlist in the militia, which marched off toward
Albany
and
Lake George
. The French had
besieged Fort William Henry
, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around; Arnold served for 13 days.
[11]
A commonly accepted story that Arnold deserted from militia service in 1758 is based on uncertain documentary evidence.
Arnold's mother, to whom he was very close, died in 1759. His father's alcoholism worsened after the death of his wife, and the youth took on the responsibility of supporting his father and younger sister. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused
communion
by his church, and eventually died in 1761.
[
Born January 14, 1741, Benedict Arnold joined the American Revolutionary army in 1775 and won glory at the Battles of Ticonderoga and Saratoga. While in command of Philadelphia, Arnold married a Loyalist and racked up a lot of debt. This influenced his de
مات عدد من اخوته ، تحول والده لشرب الخمر ومرض واصبح شبه عاجز ثم ماتت الام وعمره 18 عام ومات الاب وعمره 20 عام.
http://www.biography.com/people/benedict-arnold-9189320
يتيم الأم والأب في سنوات 18 و20 .
رد مع الإقتباس