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49-لويس الكسندر بيتريه
Louis Alexandre Berthier, 1st
Prince
de
Wagram
, 1st Duc de
Valangin
, 1st Sovereign Prince de
Neuchâtel
(February 20, 1753 – June 1, 1815), was a
Marshal of France
, Vice-
Constable of France
beginning in 1808, and Chief of Staff under
Napoleon
.
Early life</SPAN>
Alexandre was born at
Versailles|Versailles
to
Lieutenant-Colonel
Jean Baptiste Berthier (1721 – 1804), an officer in the Corps of Topographical Engineers, and first wife (married in 1746)
Marie Françoise L'Huillier de La Serre
. He was the eldest of five children, with the three brothers also serving in the French Army, two becoming generals during the
Napoleonic Wars
.
Military career
As a boy he was instructed in the military art by his father, an officer of the
Corps de genie
(Engineer Corps), and at the age of seventeen he entered the army, serving successively in the staff, the engineers and the prince de Lambesq's dragoons. In 1780 he went to North America with
Rochambeau
, and on his return, having attained the rank of colonel, he was employed in various staff posts and in a military mission to Prussia. During the
Revolution
, as Chief of Staff of the Versailles National Guard, he protected the aunts of
Louis XVI
from popular violence, and aided their escape (1791).
In the war of 1792 he was at once made Chief of Staff to Marshal Lückner, and he bore a distinguished part in the Argonne campaign of
Dumouriez
and
Kellermann
. He served with great credit in the
Vendéan War
of 1793-95, and was in the next year made a general of division and chief of staff (Major-Général) to the
army of Italy
, which Bonaparte had recently been appointed to command. He played an important role in the
Battle of Rivoli
, relieving
Barthélemy Joubert
when the latter was attacked by the Austrian general
Jozsef Alvinczi
. His power of work, accuracy and quick comprehension, combined with his long and varied experience and his complete mastery of detail, made him the ideal chief of staff to a great soldier; and in this capacity he was Napoleon's most valued assistant for the rest of his career.
He accompanied Napoleon throughout the brilliant campaign of 1796, and was left in charge of the army after the
Treaty of Campo Formio
. He was in this post in 1798 when he entered Italy, invaded the Vatican, organized the Roman republic, and took the pope
Pius VI
as prisoner back to Valence (France) where, after a torturous journey under Berthier's supervision, the pope died, dealing a major blow to the Vatican's political power which, however did not prove as ephemeral as that of the First Empire. After this he joined his chief in
Egypt
, serving there until Napoleon's return. He assisted in the
coup d'état
of 18th
Brumaire
, afterwards becoming minister of war for a time. In the campaign of
Marengo
he was the nominal head of the Army of Reserve, but the first consul accompanied the army and Berthier acted in reality, as always, as Chief of Staff to Napoleon.
Lest one think this was a relatively safe job, such as modern staff officers, a contemporary subordinate staff officer, Brossier, reports that at the
Battle of Marengo
:
"The General-in-Chief Berthier gave his orders with the precision of a consummate warrior, and at Marengo maintained the reputation that he so rightly acquired in Italy and in Egypt under the orders of Bonaparte. He himself was hit by a bullet in the arm. Two of his aides-de-camp, Dutaillis and La Borde, had their horses killed."
[2]
At the close of the campaign he was employed in civil and diplomatic business. This included a mission to Spain in August, 1800, which resulted in the retrocession of
Louisiana
to France by the
Treaty of San Ildefonso
, October 1, 1800, and led to the
Louisiana Purchase
.
When Napoleon became emperor, Berthier was at once made a marshal of the empire. He took part in the campaigns of Austerlitz, Jena and Friedland, and was created duke of Valengin in 1806, sovereign prince of Neuchâtel in the same year and vice-constable of the empire in 1807. In 1808 he served in the
Peninsular War
, and in 1809 in the Austrian War, after which he was given the title of
prince of Wagram
. He was with Napoleon in Russia in 1812, Germany in 1813, and France in 1814, fulfilling, till the fall of the empire, the functions of "major-general" of the Grande Armée.
Following Napoleon's first abdication, Berthier retired to his 600 acre (2.4 km²) estate, and resumed his hobbies of
falconry
and
sculpture
. He made peace with
Louis XVIII
in 1814, and accompanied the king in his solemn entry into Paris. During Napoleon's captivity in
Elba
, Berthier, whom he informed of his projects, was much perplexed as to his future course, and, being unwilling to commit him, fell under the suspicion both of his old leader and of Louis XVIII. On Napoleon's return he withdrew to
Bamberg
, where he later died.
The manner of his death is uncertain; according to some accounts he was assassinated by members of a secret society, others say that, maddened by the sight of Prussian troops marching to invade France, he threw himself from his window and was killed. Berthier was not a great field commander. When he was in temporary command in 1809, the French army in
Bavaria
underwent a series of reverses. His merit as a general was completely overshadowed by the genius of his
emperor
, he is nevertheless renowned for his excellent organising skills and being able to understand and carry out the emperor's directions to the minutest detail.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "
EB Louis Alexandre Berthier
".
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
هو ابن الزوجة الأولى لوالده الذي عاش حتى العام 1804 حيث تزوجا عام 1746 وهو من مواليد 1753 وفي ذلك إشارة إلى انه يتيم الأم لكننا لا نعرف متى ماتت الأم. وحتى أن لم يكن يتيم فعلي فهو يتيم اجتماعي نظرا لوجود أكثر من زوجه لوالده
.
يتيم الأم (بحاجة لدليل؟).
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