الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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06-14-2011, 07:25 PM
المشاركة
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مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
اجناتوس اوف لويلا
يتمه : ماتت امه وعمره 7 سنوات.
مجاله: رجل دين، قائد ديني
Ignatius of Loyola
(
Basque
:
Ignazio Loiolakoa
,
Spanish
:
Ignacio de Loyola
) (1491– July 31, 1556) was a
Spanish
knight
from a
Basque
noble family,
hermit
,
priest
since 1537, and
theologian
, who founded the
Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) and was its first
Superior General
. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the
Counter-Reformation
. Loyola's devotion to the
Catholic Church
was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.
After being seriously wounded at the
Battle of Pamplona
in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in recovery.
De Vita Christi
by
Ludolph of Saxony
inspired Loyola to abandon his previous military life and devote himself to labour for God, following the example of spiritual leaders such as
Francis of Assisi
. He experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus while at the shrine of
Our Lady of Montserrat
in March 1522. Thereafter he went to
Manresa
, where he began praying for seven hours a day, often in a nearby cave, while formulating the fundamentals of the
Spiritual Exercises
. In September 1523, Loyola reached the
Holy Land
to settle there, but was sent back to
Europe
by the
Franciscans
.
Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and
Latin
in Spain and then in Paris. In 1534, he arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced
John Calvin
to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by
Pope Paul III
, as well as his
Spiritual Exercises
approved in 1548. Loyola also composed the
Constitutions
of the Society. He died in July 1556, was
beatified
by Pope Paul V in 1609,
canonized
by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius' feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius is a foremost
patron saint
of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the
Basque Country
, and the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay.
Early life
Ignacio López de Loyola (sometimes erroneously called Íñigo López de Recalde) was born in the
municipality
of
Azpeitia
at the castle of Loyola in today's
Basque Country
of Gipuzkoa,
Spain
.
He was baptized Íñigo, after
St. Enecus
(Innicus), Abbot of
Oña
, a mediaeval Basque name arguably meaning "My little It is unclear when he started using Ignatius instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo" (
Latin
:
Enecus
;
Basque
:
Eneko
;
Spanish
:
Íñigo
). Ignatius did not intend to change his name but rather adopted for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among foreigners.
The youngest of 13 children, Íñigo was only seven years old when his mother died
. In 1506, Íñigo adopted the last name "de Loyola" in reference of the Basque city of Loyola where he was born and later became a
page
in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (
contador mayor
) of the kingdom of
Castile
.
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