Raymond Thornton Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American novelist and screenwriter.
روائي امريكي ولد عام 1888
In 1932 after losing his job as an oil company executive, Chandler at age forty-five and during the Depression decided to become a writer.
عام 1933 بعد فقده لوظيفته قرر ان يصبح كاتبا
In 1933 his first story was published in a pulp magazine called Black Mask.
عام 1933 اصدر اول قصة له
His first novel, The Big Sleep was published in 1939.
صدرت اول رواية له وهي النوم الكبير عام 1939
In addition to his short stories, Chandler published only seven novels during his life. In the year before he died, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26, 1959 in La Jolla California.
فبل عام من وفاته انتخب رئيس كتاب الغموض الامريكيين
مات عان 1959
Chandler had an immense stylistic influence upon the modern private detective story, especially in the style of the writing and the attitudes now characteristic of the genre. His protagonist, Philip Marlowe, along with Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade, is considered synonymous with "private detective", both having been played on screen by Humphrey Bogart.
Some of Chandler's novels are considered to be important literary works. Of the seven complete novels written by Chandler, three are considered by some to be masterpieces: Farewell, My Lovely (1940), The Little Sister (1949), and The Long Goodbye (1953).
البعض يعتبر ان 3 من روياته تعتبر من روائع الروايات
The Long Goodbye is praised within an anthology of American crime stories as "arguably the first book since Hammett's The Glass Key, published more than twenty years earlier, to qualify as a serious and significant mainstream novel that just happened to possess elements of mystery".
Early life
Chandler was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1888, and moved to London, England in 1900 with his Irish-born mother after they were abandoned by his father, an alcoholic civil engineer who worked for a North American railway company.
ولد عام 1888 في سيكاغو وسافر عام 1900 مع والدته الايرلندية الى انجلترا بعد ان تخلى عنهم والده السكير والذي كان يعمل مهندس مدني
His uncle, a successful Quaker lawyer in Waterford, supported them. After attending a local school in Upper Norwood, Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich College, London (a public school whose alumni also include the authors P.G. Wodehouse[4] and C. S. Forester). He spent all his childhood summers in Waterford with his maternal family. He did not attend university, instead spending time in Paris and Munich.
لم يلتحق بالجامعة وبدلا من ذلك قضى اكثير من الوقت في باريس وميونخ
In 1907, he was naturalised as a British subject in order to take the civil service examination, which he passed with the third-highest score. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a year. His first poem was published during that time.
Chandler disliked the servility of the civil service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, becoming a reporter for the Daily Express and the Bristol Western Gazette newspapers.
لم ينسجم مع العمل المدني لما فيه من خنوع واذلال وقرر الاستقالة بعد اقل من عام في الوظيف العامة
He was an unsuccessful journalist, published reviews and continued writing romantic poetry.
Accounting for that time he said, "Of course in those days as now there were… clever young men who made a decent living as freelances for the numerous literary weeklies…" but "…I was distinctly not a clever young man. Nor was I at all a happy young man."
لم يكن صحفي ناجح وقال عن ذلك لم اكن شاب نشيط ولم اكن شاب سعيد ايضا
In 1912, he borrowed money from his uncle (who expected it to be repaid with interest), and returned to North America, eventually settling in Los Angeles with his mother in 1913.
في العام 1912 اقترض اموال من عمه بعد اتفاقه ان يعيدها بفائدة وسافر الى الولايات المتحدة
He strung tennis rackets, picked fruit and endured a lonely time of scrimping and saving. Finally, he took a correspondence bookkeeping course, finished ahead of schedule, and found steady employment.
In 1917, when the US entered World War I, he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, saw combat in the trenches in France with the Gordon Highlanders, and was undergoing flight training in the fledgling Royal Air Force (RAF) in the United Kingdom at war’s end.
بعد دخول الولايات المتحدة الحرب العالمية الاولى انضم الى الجيش الكندي وشارك في المعارك في فرنسا ثم انتقل بعد انتهاء الحرب ليتدرب
After the armistice, he returned to Los Angeles. He soon began a love affair with Cissy Pascal, a married woman eighteen years his senior.
بعد مشاركته في الحرب عاد الى لوس انجلوس ووقع في غرام امرأة اسمها سيسي باسكال وهي امرأة متزوجة وتكبره ب 18 سنه
Cissy divorced her husband, Julian, in 1920 in an amicable separation, but Chandler's mother disapproved of the relationship and refused to sanction marriage. For four years Chandler had to support both his mother and Cissy. But when Florence Chandler died on September 26, 1923, Raymond was free to marry Cissy, and did so on February 6, 1924.
امه رفضت ان يتزوجها على الرغم انها طلقت زوجها وديا لكي تتزوج من تشاندلير ولكن بعد وفاة امه سنة 1923 ( عندما كان في سن الـ 35 ) اصبح ريموند حرا للزواج منها وفعلا تزوجها عام 1924
By 1932, during his bookkeeping career, he became a highly paid vice-president of the Dabney Oil Syndicate, but a year later, his alcoholism, absenteeism, promiscuity with female employees and threatened suicide contributed to his being fired.
عام 1932 حصل على وظيف بمراتب عالي في شركة نفط لكن اسرافه في شر الاكحول وتغيبه عن العمل وتصرفاته مع الموظفيات النساء وتهديده بالانتحار ادت الى طرده من العمل

Later life and death
In 1954, Cissy Chandler died after a long illness, during which time Raymond Chandler wrote The Long Goodbye.
عام 1954 ماتت زوجته بعد مرض طويل وكتب في ذلك العام روائته الوداع الطويل
Heartbroken and drunk, he neglected to inter Cissy's cremated remains, and they sat for 57 years in a storage locker.
وبسبب صدمته في موت زوجته وشربه للخمر غفل عن دفن رماد جثتها حيث تركها في خزانه وظلت هناك لمدة 57 عام وتم دفنها اخر عام 2011
In a September 2010 San Diego Superior Court hearing an order was issued correcting this oversight, and on February 14, 2011, Cissy's cremated remains were interred under a new grave marker with Chandler, as they wished, in Mt. Hope.
After her death his subsequent loneliness worsened his natural propensity for clinical depression; he returned to drink, never quitting it for long, and the quality and quantity of his writing suffered.
بعد موتها اصيب بالكآبه وزدادت معاقرته للخمر وبدأ يعاني من حيث قدرته على الكتابة المثره
In 1955, he attempted suicide; literary scholars documented that suicide attempt.
في العام 1955 حاول الانتحار
In The Long Embrace: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved, Judith Freeman says it was "a cry for help", given that he called the police beforehand, saying he planned to kill himself.
في تقرير عن الحادثه تقول جودث فريمان ان محاولته للانتحار كانت صرخه لطلب المساعدة حيث كان قد اتصل بالشرطة قبل تنفيذها
Chandler's personal and professional life were both helped and complicated by the women to whom he was attracted — notably Helga Greene (his literary agent); Jean Fracasse (his secretary); Sonia Orwell (George Orwell's widow); and Natasha Spender (Stephen Spender's wife), the latter two of whom assumed Chandler to be a repressed homosexual.
بعض النساء كانت تعتقد بانه كان يخفي شذوذه الجنسي
After a respite in England (Chandler regained US citizenship in 1956), he returned to La Jolla, where in 1959 he died (according to the death certificate) in the Scripps Memorial Hospital of pneumonial peripheral vascular shock and prerenal uremia. Greene inherited the Chandler estate, after prevailing in a lawsuit against Fracasse.
Raymond Chandler is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery, San Diego, California, as per Frank MacShane's, The Life of Raymond Chandler. Chandler wished to be cremated and placed next to Cissy in Cypress View Mausoleum, but was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery by the County of San Diego Public Administrator's Office because he left an estate of $60,000 with no will (intestate) apparently found. The lawsuit over his estate complicated life for Helga Greene, but didn't take place until 1960.
On Valentine's Day (February 14) 2011 the ashes of Chandler's wife Cissy were conveyed from Cypress View and placed in Chandler's grave during a ceremony attended by about one hundred people. This was the result of a legal pleading prepared by Chandler scholar Loren Latker with the assistance of attorney Aissa Wayne. The shared gravestone reads "Dead men are heavier than broken hearts," a quote from his novel The Big Sleep.