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08-31-2011, 12:52 AM

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صمويل ريتشاردسون

ريتشاردسون، صمويل (1689-1761م). كاتب إنجليزي يعد أحد مبتكري الرواية، ألف ثلاث روايات باميلا، أو مكافأة الفضيلة (1740م)؛ تاريخ سيدة شابة (1747-1748م)؛ كلايسا السير تشارلز جراندسون (1753 -1754م). وتعد هذه الأعمال الأدبية طويلة جدًا أكثر مما يجب للقراءة في عصرنا الحاضر، ولكنها ذات أثر عظيم.
أضافت جهوده عناصر مهمة وجديدة للرواية، وتُشكل كل رواية من رواياته حبكة موحدة، وليست فصولاً غير متصلة. ولعل هذه الخواص في الرواية تعطي ثباتًا للفكرة، دون تدخل المؤلف. وقد طرحت أعماله فكرة المطارحة الغرامية التي تؤدي إلى الزواج بوصفها فكرة أساسية للرواية.

كتب الروايات الثلاث على شكل رسائل. ففكرة مكافأة الفضيلة جاءت من كتاب يحتوي على رسائل نموذجية كتبها ريتشاردسون. وقد نشر هذه الرواية شخص مجهول، ولكنها لاقت نجاحًا مثيرًا. وتمتاز جميع رواياته بشد القارئ، بحيث ينتقل في قراءته من رسالة إلى أخرى حتى يعرف ما الذي سيحدث بعد ذلك.
ولعل من السهل نقد أخلاقيات وقيم هذه الروايات. فقد أثارت أعماله العديد من كُتاب عصر ريتشاردسون، وعبروا عن معارضتهم الأدبية لها بطريقة ساخرة. ومع ذلك، فإن ريتشاردسون وضع الرواية بشكل ثابت وخط رئيسي: إذ عبر، وبشكل مفصل، عن أُناس حقيقيين في مواقف عامة في الحياة الحديثة.

تُعالج رواياته بشكلٍ خاص، حاجة المرأة للأمن والزواج وحيـاة اجتمـاعيـة مناسبـة. وهذا يعكـس كيـف أن المـرأة ـ وبخاصة مع ظهور الطبقة المتوسطة الجديدة ـ برزت في المقدمة بذاتها ومشاكلها الفردية المحسوسة. وقد بدأت هذه النزعة بالتطور منذ أيام ريتشاردسون وجدت فيه النساء، وفي أمثاله كذلك، متحدثًا متعاطفًا وحساسًا بمشاكلهن وشؤون حياتهن.

وُلد في ديربيشاير، بدأ عمله التجاري الخاص بالطباعة سنة 1719م، ثم أصبح فيما بعد أحد أشهر الناشرين في لندن.

Samuel Richardson

(19 August 1689 - 4 July 1761) was an 18th-century English writer and printer.
Richardson lost his first wife along with their five sons, and eventually remarried. Although with his second wife he had four daughters who lived to become adults, they had no male heir to continue running the printing business. While his print shop slowly ran down, at the age of 51 he wrote his first novel and immediately became one of the most popular and admired writers of his time.
صمويل فقد زوجته الاولى وخمسة من ابناؤه الذكور ثم تزوج مرة اخرى وفقد اثنين من ابناؤه من الزوجة الثانية وحينما كان في سن 51 كان لديه 4 بنات ولك يكن لديه ولد ذكر بدأ بكتابة روايته الاولى
He knew leading figures in 18th century England, including Samuel Johnson and Sarah Fielding. In the London literary world, he was a rival of Henry Fielding, and the two responded to each other's literary styles in their own novels.
Richardson has been one of the authors of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list established by the pope containing the names of books that Catholics were not allowed to read.
Biography
Richardson, one of nine children, was probably born in 1689 in Mackworth, Derbyshire, to Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson. It is unsure where in Derbyshire he was born because Richardson always concealed the locatio.
يعتقد ان صمايل ولد عام 1689 ولكن لا يعرف اين تحديدا فقد اخفى ريتشارسون مكان ولادته
The older Richardson was, according to the younger:
a very honest man, descended of a family of middling note, in the country of Surrey, but which having for several generations a large number of children, the not large possessions were split and divided, so that he and his brothers were put to trades; and the sisters were married to tradesmen.
His mother, according to Richardson, "was also a good woman, of a family not ungenteel; but whose father and mother died in her infancy, within half-an-hour of each other, in the London pestilence of 1665".
The trade his father pursued was that of a joiner (a type of carpenter, but Richardson explains that it was "then more distinct from that of a carpenter than now it is with us").
والده عمل نجار في البيوت
In describing his father's occupation, Richardson stated that "he was a good draughtsman and understood architecture", and it was suggested by Samuel Richardson's son-in-law that the senior Richardson was a cabinetmaker and an exporter of mahogany while working at Aldersgate-street. The abilities and position of his father brought him to the attention of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. However this, as Richardson claims, was to Richardson senior's "great detriment" because of the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion, which ended in the death of Scott in 1685. After Scott's death, the elder Richardson was forced to abandon his business in London and live a modest life in Derbyshire. [
اجبر والده على هجرة لندن حيث نفي الى مكان ولادة صمايل بعد فشل تمرد من كان يعمل لديه
1. 1. Early life
The Richardsons were not exiled forever from London; they eventually returned, and the young Richardson was educated at Christ's Hospital grammar school. The extent that he was educated at the school is uncertain, and Leigh Hunt wrote years later:
تعلم في مدرسة ابتدائية لكن لا يعرف طول المدة التي تعلم فيها
It is a fact not generally known that Richardson... received what education he had (which was very little, and did not go beyond English) at Christ's Hospital. It may be wondered how he could come no better taught from a school which had sent forth so many good scholars; but in his time, and indeed till very lately, that foundation was divided into several schools, none of which partook of the lessons of the others; and Richardson, agreeably to his father's intention of bringing him up to trade, was most probably confined to the writing school, where all that was taught was writing and arithmetic. [2]
However, this conflicts with Richardson's nephew's account that "'it is certain that [Richardson] was never sent to a more respectable seminary' than 'a private grammar school" located in Derbyshire". [1] :4
I recollect that I was early noted for having invention. I was not fond of play, as other boys; my school-fellows used to call me Serious and Gravity; and five of them particularly delighted to single me out, either for a walk, or at their father's houses, or at mine, to tell them stories, as they phrased it. Some I told them, from my reading, as true; others from my head, as mere invention; of which they would be most fond, and often were affected by them. One of them particularly, I remember, was for putting me to write a history, as he called it, on the model of Tommy Pots; I now forget what it was, only that it was of a servant-man preferred by a fine young lady (for his goodness) to a lord, who was a libertine. All of my stories carried with them, I am bold to say, a useful moral.

— Samuel Richardson on his storytelling. [1] :4
Little is known of Richardson's early years beyond the few things that Richardson was willing to share.
القليل فقط يعرف عن ريتشاردسون فهو كان دائما متكتم على تفاصيل طفولته
Although he was not forthcoming with specific events and incidents, he did talk about the origins of his writing ability; Richardson would tell stories to his friends and spent his youth constantly writing letters. One such letter, written when Richardson was almost 11, was directed to a woman in her 50s who was in the habit of constantly criticizing others. "Assuming the style and address of a person in years", Richardson cautioned her about her actions. However, his handwriting was used to determine that it was his work, and the woman complained to his mother. The result was, as he explains, that "my mother chid me for the freedom taken by such a boy with a woman of her years" but also "commended my principles, though she censured the liberty taken".
After his writing ability was known, he began to help others in the community write letters. [In particular, Richardson, at the age of thirteen, helped many of the girls that he associated with to write responses to various love letters they received. As Richardson claims, "I have been directed to chide, and even repulse, when an offence was either taken or given, at the very time that the heart of the chider or repulser was open before me, overflowing with esteem and affect". Although this helped his writing ability, he in 1753 advised the Dutch minister Stinstra not to draw large conclusions from these early actions:
You think, Sir, you can account from my early secretaryship to young women in my father's neighbourhood, for the characters I have drawn of the heroines of my three works. But this opportunity did little more for me, at so tender an age, than point, as I may say, or lead my enquiries, as I grew up, into the knowledge of female heart. [1] :7
He continued to explain that he did not fully understand females until writing Clarissa, and these letters were only a beginning. [1] :7
1. 2. Early career
The elder Richardson originally wanted his son to become a clergyman, but he was not able to afford the education that the younger Richardson would require, so he let his son pick his own profession.
كان والده يرغب ان يصبح ابنه راهبا لكنه لم يكن قادر على تعليمه لذلك دفع ابنه ليختار وظيفه
He selected the profession of printing because he hoped to "gratify a thirst for reading, which, in after years, he disclaimed". At the age of seventeen, in 1706, Richardson was bound in seven-year apprenticeship under John Wilde as a printer.
بدأ العمل وهو في سن السابعة عشرة في مطبعة
Wilde's printing shop was in Golden Lion Court on Aldersgate Street, and Wilde had a reputation as "a master who grudged every hour... that tended not to his profit".
I served a diligent seven years to it; to a master who grudged every hour to me that tended not to his profit, even of those times of leisure and diversion, which the refractoriness of my fellow-servants obliged him to allow them, and were usually allowed by other masters to their apprentices. I stole from the hours of rest and relaxation, my reading times for improvement of my mind; and, being engaged in correspondence with a gentleman, greatly my superior in degree, and of ample fortune, who, had he lived, intended high things for me; these were all the opportunities I had in my apprenticeship to carry it on. But this little incident I may mention; I took care that even my candle was of my own purchasing, that I might not, in the most trifling instance, make my master a sufferer (and who use to call me the pillar of his house) and not to disable myself by watching or sitting-up, to perform my duty to him in the day time.

- Samuel Richardson on his time with John Wilde.
While working for Wilde, he met a rich gentleman who took an interest in Richardson's writing abilities and the two began to correspond with each other. When the gentleman died a few years later, Richardson lost a potential patron, which delayed his ability to pursue his own writing career. He decided to devote himself completely to his apprenticeship, and he worked his way up to a position as a compositor and a corrector of the shop's printing press. In 1713, Richardson left Wilde to become "Overseer and Corrector of a Printing-Office". This meant that Richardson ran his own shop, but the location of that shop is unknown. It is possible that the shop was located in Staining Lane or may have been jointly run with John Leake in Jewin Street.
In 1719, Richardson was able to take his freedom from being an apprentice and was soon able to afford to set up his own printing shop, which he did after he moved near the Salisbury Court district close to Fleet Street. [ Although he claimed to business associates that he was working out of the well-known Salisbury Court, his printing shop was more accurately located on the corner of Blue Ball Court and Dorset Street in a house that later became Bell's Building.
On 23 November 1721 Richardson married Martha Wilde, the daughter of his former employer. The match was "prompted mainly by prudential considerations", although Richardson would claim later that there was a strong love-affair between him and Martha. [
تزوج من ابنة مدير عمله في عام 1721 وعمره 32 سنه
He soon brought her to live with him in the printing shop that served also as his home.
A key moment in Richardson's career came on 6 August 1722 when he took on his first apprentices: Thomas Gover, George Mitchell, and Joseph Chrichley. [He would later take on William Price (2 May 1727), Samuel Jolley (5 September 1727), Bethell Wellington (2 September 1729), and Halhed Garland (5 May 1730). [
One of Richardson's first major printing contracts came in June of 1723 when he began to print the bi-weekly The True Briton for Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton. This was a Jacobite political paper which attacked the government and was soon censored for printing "common libels". However, Richardson's name was not on the publication, and he was able to escape any of the negative fallout, although it is possible that Richardson participated in the papers as far as actually authoring one himself. [The only lasting effect from the paper would be the incorporation of Wharton's libertine characteristics in the character of Lovelace in Richardson's Clarissa, although Wharton would be only one of many models of libertine behaviour that Richardson would find in his life. [1] :13 In 1724, Richardson befriended Thomas Gent, Henry Woodfall, and Arthur Onslow, the latter of those would become the Speaker of the House of Commons. [1] :14
Over their ten years of marriage, the Richardsons had five sons and one daughter, and three of the boys were named Samuel after their father, but all of the boys died after just a few years. Soon after William, their fourth child, died, Martha died on 25 January 1731.
عندما كان عمره 42 سنه مات له جميع ابناؤه الاولاد كما ماتت زوجته مارثا في عام 1731
Their youngest son, Samuel, was to live past his mother for a year longer, but succumbed to illness in 1732. After his final son died, Richardson attempted to move on with his life; he married Elizabeth Leake and the two moved into another house on Blue Ball Court. However, Elizabeth and his daughter were not the only ones living with him since Richardson allowed five of his apprentices to lodge in his home.
Elizabeth had six children (five daughters and one son) with Richardson; four of their daughters, Mary, Martha, Anne, and Sarah, reached adulthood and survived their father. Their son, another Samuel, was born in 1739 and died in 1740. [
زوجته الثانية اليزبث انجبت 6 اطفال ومات الذكوروعددهم 2 وبقي الاناث ايضا
Richardson made the transition from master printer to novelist on 6 November 1740 with the publication of Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded. [3] :1Pamela was sometimes regarded as "the first English novel". [3] :1 Richardson explained the origins of the work:
بدأ الكتابة عندما كان عمره 51 سنه

- يلاحظ انه مجهول الطفولة
- لا يعرف متى مات الاب او الام
- يعتقد ان الاب مات عندما كان عمره 17 سنه لانه انتقل للعمل في المطبعة
- مات له 4 صبيان ثم زوجته الاولى ثم مات له عدد 2 ولد من زوجته الثانية.
- بدأ الكتابه في سن 51 وبعد ان ذاق مرارة موت ابنؤه الستة وزوجته الاولى.

اهم احداث حياته:
موت اولاده 6 وزوجته وهي شابه.

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