الموضوع: ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية
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إدوارد مورغان فورستر
(بالإنجليزية: Edward Morgan Forster) روائي وقاص وكاتب مقالات بريطاني ولد في لندن1 يناير1879 وتوفي في 7 يوليو1970. تُظهر رواياته اهتمامه بالعلاقات الشخصية والعقبات الاجتماعية والنفسية والعرقية التي تقف في طريق مثل هذه العلاقات. تركز رواياته على أهمية اتباع الدوافع الكريمة أو الفطرة السليمة.
رواياته

أكثر روايات فورستر التي نالت التقدير هي ونهاية آل هوارد 1910؛ رحلة إلى الهند1924. ونهاية آل هوارد، قصة اجتماعية كوميدية ذات مضمون مأساوي تحكي عن شخصيات إنجليزية من الطبقة الوسطى. تعكس الرواية مفهوم فورستر المثالي عن الأرستقراطية الرقيقة المشاعر، والمراعية لحقوق الآخرين، والشجاعة المقدامة. أما رواية رحلة إلى الهند فتصف الصراع بين الثقافتين الإنجليزيةوالهندية. كتب فورستر أربع روايات أخرى هي: عندما تخاف الملائكة أن تطأ1905, أطول رحلة1907, غرفة ذات إطلالة1908, موريس التي أُكملت عام 1914، ونُشرت عام 1971، أي بعد أن توفي الكاتب.
في السنوات الـ 46 الأخيرة من حياته، لم يكتب فورستر سوى القصص الواقعية. إلا أنه كتب مقالات وتراجم ونقدًا أدبيًا بأسلوب رائع ممتاز وبنفس الجمال والكياسة والأناقة التي تميزت بها رواياته.
Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970), was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist.
ولد في عام 1879 روائي انجليزي
He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society.
غرف عنه كتابته روايات باسلوب ساخر وهي تعالج الصراع الطبقي
Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect".
English author and critic, member of Bloomsbury group and friend of Virginia Woolf. After gaining fame as a novelist, Forster spent his 46 remaining years publishing mainly short stories and non-fiction. Of his five important novels four appeared before World War I. Forster's major concern was that individuals should 'connect the prose with the passion' within themselves, and that one of the most exacting aspect of the novel is prophecy.
"If human nature does alter it will be because individuals manage to look at themselves in a new way. Here and there people - a very few people, but a few novelists are among them - are trying to do this. Every institution and vested interest in against such a search: organized religion, the State, the family in its economic aspect, have nothing to gain, and it is only when outward prohibitions weaken that it can proceed: history conditions it to that extent." (in Aspects of the Novel, 1927)
Edward Morgan Forster was born in London as the son of an architect, who died before his only child was two years old.
مات والده قبل بلوغه عامه الثاني
Forster's childhood and much of his adult life was dominated by his mother and his aunts.
سيطر على طفولته امه وعماته
The legacy of her paternal great-aunt Marianne Thornton, descendant of the Clapham Sect of evangelists and reformers, gave later Forster the freedom to travel and to write. Forster's years at Tonbridge School as a teenager were difficult – he suffered from the cruelty of his classmates.
كانت حياته في المدرسة صعبة حيث عانى من قسوة اقرانه

Forster attended King's College, Cambridge (1897-1901), where he met members of the later formed Bloomsbury group. In the atmosphere of skepticism, he became under the influence of Sir Jamer Frazer, Nathaniel Wedd, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, and G.E. Moore, and shed his not very deep Christian faith. After graduating he travelled in Italy and Greece with his mother, and on his return began to write essays and short stories for the liberal Independent Review. In 1905 Foster spent several month in German as tutor to the children of the Countess von Armin.
Between the years 1912 and 1913 Forster travelled in India.
سافر عبر الهند ما بين عامي 1912 و1913
From 1914 to 1915 he worked for the National Gallery in London. Following the outbreak of World War I, Forster joined the Red Cross and served in Alexandria, Egypt. There he met the Greek poet C.P. Cavafy, and published a selection of his poems in PHARAOS AND PHARILLON (1923). His conversations with wounded soldiers he recorded in his diary.
In 1921 Forster returned to India, working as a private secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas. The land was the scene of his masterwork A PASSAGE TO INDIA (1924), an account of India under British rule. It was Forter's last novel – and for the remaining 46 years of his life he devoted himself to other activities. In the novel he said: "Most of life is so dull that there is nothing to be said about it and the books and talk that would describe it as interesting are obliged to exaggerate, in the hope of justifying their own existence. Inside its cocoon of work or social obligation, the human spirit slumbers for the most part, registering the distinction between pleasure and pain, but not nearly as alert as we pretend." Moreover, writing about "the love of men for women & vice versa" was not the most important element in Forster's life; already in 1910 he stated in his notebook, known as "the Locked Diary", that he was wary of the subject.
After Forster's death his literary executors turned down approaches from Joseph Losey, Ismail Merchant and James Ivory, and Waris Hussein, to make a feature film adaptation of A Passage to India, but eventually David Lean was approved as director. Forster had shared with T.E. Lawrence a dislike and distrut of the cinema. The two last chapters of the book Forster had written under the influence of Lawrence's The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Later Lean was criticized that he produced his own vision of India, not Forster's. He also changed the ending of the story, defending himself: "Look, this novel was written hot on the movement for Indian independence. I think the end is a lot of hogwash so far as a movie is concerned." (in David Lean: A Biography by Kevin Brownlow, 1996)

Forster was a humanist, homosexual, lifelong bachelor.[9] Forster developed a long-term loving relationship with Bob Buckingham, a married policeman (his wife's name was May),[10] and included the couple in his circle, which also included the writer and arts editor of The Listener, J.R. Ackerley, the psychologist W.J.H. Sprott, and, for a time, the composer Benjamin Britten. Other writers with whom Forster associated included the poet Siegfried Sassoon and the Belfast-based novelist Forrest Reid.
From 1925 until Forster's mother's death at age 90 on 11 March 1945, he lived with her at West Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer, finally leaving on or around 23 September 1946 His London base was 26 Brunswick Square from 1930 to 1939, after which he rented 9 Arlington Park Mansions in Chiswick until at least 1961.[

- هناك ما يشير الى انه عانى الكثير في المدرسة وسافر كثيرا لكن مصدر المه الرئيسي يأتي من كونه يتيم الاب في الطفولة المبكرة.
يتيم الاب في عامه الاول.