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قديم 09-03-2011, 09:41 PM
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Honoré de Balzac (French pronunciation: ; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon.
Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature.

يعتبر مؤسس الواقعيه في الادب الفرنسي واوروبا

He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters, who are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. His writing influenced many subsequent novelists such as Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Marie Corelli, Henry James, William Faulkner, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino, and philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac's works have been made into or have inspired films, and they are a continuing source of inspiration for writers, filmmakers and critics.
An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school.
واجه مصاعب في المدرسة خاصة فيما يتعلق باسلوب التدريس

His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business.
كان صعب المراس مما سبب له مشاكل طوال حياته

When he finished school, Balzac was an apprentice in a Law office, but he turned his back on the study of Law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts.
جرب العمل في عدة مجالات لكنه فشل فيها جميعها

La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.
كتاباته تحتوي على مشاهد من تجاربه الخاصة

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule.
عانى كثيرا من مصاعب صحيه

his relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he ended several friendships over critical reviews.
تعكرت علاقاته مع العائله لاسباب مالية واسباب اخرى شخصية

In 1850 he married Ewelina Hańska, his longtime love; he died five months later.
تزوج عام 1850 من حبيبته لمده طويله لكنه مات بعد اربعة اشهر

Family
Honoré Balzac was born into a family which had struggled nobly to achieve respectability. His father, born Bernard-François Balssa, was one of eleven children from a poor family in Tarn, a region in the south of France.
والده جاء من عائله فقيره

In 1760 the elder Balzac set off for Paris with only a louis coin in his pocket, determined to improve his social standing; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the King's Council and a Freemason. (He had also changed his name to that of an ancient noble family, and added – without any official cause – the nobiliary particle de.)[1] After the Reign of Terror (1793–94), he was sent to Tours to coordinate supplies for the Army.[2]
Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of haberdashers in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding, and Bernard-François fifty.
كان عمر والدته 18 سته عندما تزوجت والده الذي كان في الخمسين

As British writer and critic V. S. Pritchett explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband."

Honoré (so named after Saint Honoré of Amiens, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs; exactly one year previous, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month.
كان بلزاك الطفل الثاني لوالده الاول مات بعد شهر من ولادته
Honoré's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, and his brother Henry-François in 1807.]

Early life
As an infant Balzac was sent to a wet-nurse; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home.
ارسل الطفل بلزاك الى مرضعه بعد ولادته وتبعه يعد عام اخته وبقي عند المربيه 4 سنوات

(Although Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influential book Émile convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet-nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.)

When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frigid distance by their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835 novel Le Lys dans la Vallée features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver.[
عندما عاد الابناء الى المنزل ابقوا على مافسة بعيده من الابوين وهو ما اثر كثيرا في بلزاك
روايته والتي الفها في العام 1835 تتمحور حول مربية شديدة القسوه


At age eight Balzac was sent to the Oratorian grammar school in Vendôme, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy.


في سن الثامنة ارسل بلزاك إلى المدرسة ( اوراتوريان) وبقي هناك 7 سنوات وكان ولده شحيح عليه ليدفعه بأن يعتمد على نفسه من خلال المعاناة التي صنعته هو ابتدءا


This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates.


قلة اهتمام والده به جعله اضحوكة لاقرانه


Balzac had difficulty adapting to the rote style of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove," a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students.


واجه مصاعب في الدراسة ولذلك كثيرا ما كان يرسل إلى زنزانة العقاب والتي كانت مخصصه للمشاغبين


(The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the dungeon more than a hundred times!")


يقول عامل النظافة في المدرسة انه رافقه الى تلك الزنزانه اكثر من 100 مره


Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way.


منحه هذا العقاب والبقاء وحده في هذه الزنزانة فرصة لان يقرأ كثيرا

Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood – as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him – into La Comédie Humaine. His time at Vendôme is reflected in Louis Lambert, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books."[


تعتبر أعماله مذكراته الشخصية وكتب في احد رواياته عن طفل درس في تلك المدرسة وانه قرأ كثيرا في كل المجالات


Although his mind was receiving nourishment, the same could not be said for Balzac's body. He often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma".


كان يمرض كثيرا مما اضطر مدير المدرسة للاتصال بأهله لانه اصيب بمرض افقده الوعي تقريبا


When he returned home, his grandmother said: "Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!")Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor.


يعتقد ان وضعه في تلك الزنزانه كانت احد أسباب مرضه رغم انه كان يعتقد بأن سبب مرضه كثرة القراءة والمطالعة


(Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.) In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years.


This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the Loire River.


في عام 1814 انتقلت العائلة الى باريس وارسل بلزاك ليتعلم لدى اساتذه خصوصين ومدارس خاصة لمدة سنتين وكانت هذه الفترة غير سعيدة في حياته جعلته يفكر في الانتحار


In 1816 Balzac entered the Sorbonne, where he studied under three famous professors. François Guizot, who later became Prime Minister, was Professor of Modern History. Abel-François Villemain, a recent arrival from the Collège Charlemagne, lectured on French and classical literature. And – most influential of all – Victor Cousin's courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently.


Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the law; for three years he trained and worked at the office of Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel Le Notaire, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code."




In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again…. I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite." He announced his intention to be a writer.


The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely.


Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital – as English critic George Saintsbury describes it – "in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles [32 km] outside Paris.


رفض الاستمرار في العمل في مجال القانون على خطى والده وفي عام 1819 سمح له بالبقاء في باريس لكنه كان يعيش حياة فقر شديد وتحت رعاية امرأة عجوز


واضح ان بلزاك عاش طفولة تعيسة وقاسية ادت به الى المرض النفسي حيث ارسل الطفل بلزاك الى مرضعه بعد ولادته وتبعه يعد عام اخته وبقي عند المربيه 4 سنوات.

- وعليه يمكن اعتباره يتم افتراضي لانه عاش بعيد عن الاب والام حياة قاسية للغاية

- يتيم افتراضي منذ الولادة .