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Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).

عرف عن ستاندال انه كان بارع في تحليل نفسيات شخوص رواياته وعرف انه من اول من كتب الروايات الواقعية
Born in Grenoble, Isère, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young.
ولد في جرينوبل فرنسا وعاش طفولة تعيسه وكره والده الذي لم يمتلك قدرة على التخيل وعانى من فقد الام التي ماتت وهو صغير

His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
كان اقرب اصدقاؤه اخته الصغيرة

The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy.
حارب مع نابليون في ايطاليا
He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.
سافر كثيرا في المانيا وكان جندي في جيش نابليون الذي هاجم روسيا

After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he left for Italy, where he settled in Milan. He formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career, serving as French consul at Trieste and Civitavecchia. His novel The Charterhouse of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italy, which he considered a more sincere and passionate country than Restoration France.

An aside in that novel, referring to a character who contemplates suicide after being jilted, speaks volumes about his attitude towards his home country: "To make this course of action clear to my French readers, I must explain that in Italy, a country very far away from us, people are still driven to despair by love."
يتحدث في روايته هذه عن شخصية تفكر في الانتحار وقد كتب الرواية في 52 يوم ويتحدث فيها البطل عن مشاعره بعد ان تعرض لصدمة

Beyle used the pseudonym "Stendhal" (and over 100 others), and scholars in general believe he borrowed this nom de plume from the German city of Stendal in homage to Johann Joachim Winckelmann.
Stendhal was a dandy and wit about town in Paris, as well as an inveterate womaniser who was obsessed with his sexual conquests. His genuine empathy towards women is evident in his books; Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly of him in The Second Sex. He seems to have preferred desire to consummation. One of his early works is On Love, a rational analysis of romantic passion that was based on his unrequited love for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska, whom he met while living at Milan. This fusion of, and tension between, clear-headed analysis and romantic feeling is typical of Stendhal's great novels; he could be considered a Romantic realist.

Stendhal suffered miserable physical disabilities in his final years as he continued to produce some of his best work.
عانى ستندال كثيرا من اعاقات جسدية في سنوات عمره الاخيرة لكنه استمر في ابداع افضل اعماله

As he noted in his journal, he was taking iodide of potassium and quicksilver to treat his syphilis, resulting in swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, pains in his shrunken testicles, sleeplessness, giddiness, roaring in the ears, racing pulse and tremors so bad he could scarcely hold a fork or a pen. In
كان يتناول بعض الادوية لمعالجة مرض السفلس وكان يعاني من عدم قدرة على البلع والام حادة وقلق وعدم قدره على النوم وسماع اصوات في اذنيه وتسارع في نبضات القلب وارتجاف يمنعه من الامساك بالقلم

deed, he dictated Charterhouse in this pitiable state. Modern medicine has shown that his health problems were more attributable to his treatment than to his syphilis.

Stendhal died on 22 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure on the streets of Paris. He is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.
مات في باريس في عام 1842 بعد ان تعرض لنوبة في الشارع

Works

Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the Romantic period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few."
اهدى اعماله للقلة السعيدة

This is often interpreted as a dedication to the few who could understand his writing, or as a sardonic reference to the happy few who are born into prosperity (the latter interpretation is supported by the likely source of the quotation, Canto 11 of Byron's Don Juan, a frequent reference in the novel, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society), or as a reference to those who lived without fear or hatred.
ويعتقد انه قصد بالقله السعيدة اؤلئك الذين عاشوا من غير خوف او كره
It may also refer, given Stendhal's experience of the Napoleonic wars, to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of Shakespeare's Henry V. He did have influence as a literary critic. In Racine and Shakespeare he championed the Romantic aesthetic, comparing the rules and strictures of Racine's classicism unfavorably to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose.
Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical dimensions.
هذه الايام ينجذب القراء لاعماله لابعادها النفسية والتاريخية
Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers Cimarosa, Mozart and Rossini. He wrote a biography about Rossini, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content.
In his works, Stendhal "plagiarized", reprised, appropriated, excerpts from Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.[2][3][4][5]
Novels

· Armance (1827)
· Le Rouge et le Noir (variously translated as Scarlet and Black, Red and Black, The Red and the Black, 1830)
· Lucien Leuwen (1835, unfinished, published 1894)
· La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) (The Charterhouse of Parma)
· Lamiel (1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)
Novellas

· The Pink and the Green (1837, unfinished)
· Mina de Vanghel (1830, later published in La Revue des Deux Mondes)
· Vanina Vanini (1829)
· Italian Chroniques, 1837–1839
o Vittoria Accoramboni
o The Cenci (Les Cenci, 1837)
o The Duchess of Palliano (La Duchesse de Palliano)
o The Abbess of Castro (L'Abbesse de Castro, 1832)
Biography

· A Life of Napoleon (1817–1818, published 1929)
· A Life of Rossini (1824)
Autobiography

Stendhal's brief memoir, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist) was published posthumously in 1892. Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the Life of Henry Brulard.
· The Life of Henry Brulard (1835–1836, published 1890)
· Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist, published in 1892)
· Journal (1801–1817) (The Private Diaries of Stendhal)
Non-fiction

· Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1835) (Racine and Shakespeare)
· De L'Amour (1822) (On Love)
His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them Rome, Naples et Florence and Promenades dans Rome), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini and Metastasio.
Stendhal syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome
In 1817 Stendhal reportedly was overcome by the cultural richness of Florence he encountered when he first visited the Tuscan city. As he described in his book Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio:
As I emerged from the porch of Santa Croce, I was seized with a fierce palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Berlin, is referred to as an attack of the nerves); the well-spring of life was dried up within me, and I walked in constant fear of falling to the ground.
The condition was diagnosed and named in 1979 by Italian psychiatrist Dr. Graziella Magherini, who had noticed similar psychosomatic conditions (racing heart beat, nausea and dizziness) amongst first-time visitors to the city.
In homage to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Paris to Venice the Stendhal Express

One of the most original French writers of the first half of the 19th century, who played a major role in the development of the modern novel. Stendhal is best known for his masterpieces LE ROUGE ET LE NOIR (1830) and LA CHARTREUSE DE PARME (1839), sharp and passionate chronicles of the intellectual and moral climate of France after Napoleon's defeat. Stendhal also wrote travel books, literature and art reviews, and biographies about such composers as W.A. Mozart and Joseph Haydn. Stendhal's subjects are often melodramatic, but they form a fascinating frame for his psychologically deep stories of selfishness and different paths towards self-discovery.

اتصفت كتاباته بأنها ملودرامية لكنه امتاز بقدرته على وصف نفسيات شخوصه والمتملثه في الانانية واكتشاف الذات

"A novel is a mirror that strolls along a highway. Now it reflects the blue of the skies, now the mud puddles underfoot." (from Le Rouge et le Noir)

Stendhal was born Marie-Henri Beyle in Grenoble, a district of France, which he disliked. His father was a well-to-do lawyer and landowner. Stendhal's mother died when he was seven, and his pious aunt took care of his education with a Jesuit priest; he hated them both.
ماتت امه وعمره 7 سنوات
اعتنت به عمته بمساعدة قسيس وقد كره الاثنين

At the age of 16 Stendhal moved to Paris to study and to become a playwright.
في سن الـ 16 انتقل الى باريس للدراسة لبصبح كاتب مسرحي لكنه التحق لاحقا بجيش نابليون بواسطة احد اقاربه

ولد في جرينوبل فرنسا وعاش طفولة تعيسه وكره والده الذي لم يمتلك قدرة على التخيل وعانى من فقد الام التي ماتت وهو صغير

يتيم الام وهو في الـ 7

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