الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
04-30-2015, 11:24 PM
المشاركة
1989
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
5
- يونس يونج انفصل عن والديه بعد الولاده مباشرة وعاش مع جده والد امه ثم التحق في مدارس داخلية فهو وان كنا لا نعرف متى مات والديه او سبب انتقاله للعيش لدى جده سنعتبره يتيم اجتماعي على اقل تقدير
.
توماس يونج (بالإنجليزية: Thomas Young) (13 يونيو 1773 - 10 مايو 1829) هو علامة بريطاني، اشتهر بسبب إسهامه في فك رموز اللغة الهيروغليفية (خاصةً محاولاته في فك رموز حجر رشيد قبل أن يأتي الفرنسي شامبليون ويوسع أبحاثه ويفك رموز اللغة)، وقدم يونج العديد من الإسهامات البارزة في عدة مجالات مختلفة حيث أسهم في علم المصريات وعلم اللغة والفيزيولوجيا وميكانيكا المواد الصلبة والضوء وحاسة البصر والطاقة والتناغم الموسيقي.
ولد يونج في عام 1773، في سومرست، ملفرتون، وكان أكبر إخوته التسع، وفي سن الرابعة عشر تعلم اللاتينية والإغريقية، وكان على إلمام بالفرنسية والإيطالية والعبرية والكلدانية والسريانية والسامرية والعربية والفارسية والتركية والأمهرية.[1] بدأ يونج دراسة الطب في لندن في عام 1792 ثم انتقل إلى إدنبرة في 1794، ثم بعد مرور سنة ذهب ليحصل على درجة الدكتوراه في الفيزياء في جوتنجن، سكسونيا السفلى، ألمانيا، وفي عام 1797 انضم إلى جامعة إيمانويل [2]، وفي نفس السنة ورث مقاطعة عمه ريتشارد بروكلسبي فاستطاع أن يستقل ماديًا، وفي عام 1799 أصبح طبيبًا له عيادة خاصة به في 48 شارع ويلبك، لندن (والآن أصبحت العيادة مميزة باللوحة الزرقاء)، وبدأ يونج بنشر أبحاثه الفيزيائية الأولى بدون توقيع حتى لا يفقد سمعته الطبية.
في عام 1801 عُيِّن يونج كأستاذ للفلسفة الطبيعية (الفيزياء بشكل أساسي) في المعهد الملكي، وفي مدة سنتين قام بإعطاء 91 محاضرة، وفي 1802 عُيِّن كسكرتير أجنبي للجمعية الملكية، وانتخب هناك ليحصل على زمالة المعهد، ثم تخلى عن الأستاذية في عام 1803 خوفًا من تعطيل تلك الواجبات عن عمله الأساسي وهو الطب، ونُشرت محاضراته في 1807 في كتاب بعنوان محاضرات في الفلسفة الطبيعية (Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy)، وقد احتوت على تخمينات لبعض النظريات اللاحقة. في عام 1811 أصبح يونج طبيبًا في مستشفى القديس جورج، وفي 1814 اشترك في لجنة عُقدت لمعرفة الأضرار الناشئة عن الإنتاج العام للغاز في لندن، وفي 1816 عُيِّن كسكرتير للجنة تم تكليفها لقياس مدى دقة ثواني البندول، وفي 1818 اختير كسكرتير لمجلس خطوط الطول.
وقبل موته بعدة سنين أصبح مهتمًا بالتأمين على الحياة [3]، وفي 1827 اختير مع سبعة آخرين كزميل لالأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم. في 1828 اُنتخب كعضو أجنبي لالأكاديمية الملكية السويدية للعلوم.
مات توماس يونج في لندن في 10 مايو 1829، ودفن في مقبرة كنيسة القديس جيلس في فارنبوروف، كنت، إنجلترا.
وقد أشاد العلماء بأعماله وإسهاماته على الرغم من أنهم يعرفونه من خلال إسهاماته في تخصصهم فقط، إلا أنه كان متخصصًا في عدة مجالات، وقد قال عنه السير جون هيرشل الذي عاصره: "عبقري حقيقي"، وكذلك أشاد به ألبرت آينشتين في عام 1931 في مقدمة طبعة لكتاب البصريات (Opticks) لنيوتن، بالإضافة إلى إشادة وإعجاب كلاً من جون وليم ريليه وفيليب أندرسون.
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Thomas Young's parents were Thomas Young Senior, a cloth merchant and banker, and Sarah Davis who were [11]:-
... rather below than above the middle station of life.
In [11] Young writes that his father:-
... followed the commercial fashion of the day, and became a manufacturer of money: he was for a time very successful in his speculations: but though a man of strict integrity, he was at last involved in the ruinous consequences of the general depression of the value of landed property so fatal to the country's bankers.
Thomas was the eldest of the ten children in this Quaker family but,
from soon after his birth, he was brought up by his mother's father
Robert Davis in Minehead about 15 miles from Milverton.
As a young boy, he did not find school very stimulating. He attended the village school from around four years of age, then was sent to a clergyman before he was six [11]:-
... who had neither the talent nor temper to teach anything well.
He then spent eighteen months attending a boarding school near Bristol, but mostly he worked on his own, getting through the set books in less than half the time taken by the teacher. In 1782 he entered a school in Crompton, Dorset, which was more suitable for a young genius since pupils were given more freedom to progress at their own pace. For Young this pace was very fast, for he was undoubtedly an infant prodigy. By the time he left this school in 1786 he was knowledgeable in many languages, including ancient Greek, Latin and Hebrew, as well as French and Italian. He had also acquired a good grounding in Newtonian physics, studied optics and made several instruments with the help of a tutor at the school. His passion for eastern languages continued after he left the school and he began to study Arabic, Persian, Chaldee, Syriac, and Samarian.
Although only thirteen years old, Young now became a tutor to Hudson Gurney, the twelve year old grandson of David Barcley who lived in a country house near Ware in Hertfordshire. Young spent five years to 1792 working in the country house or at Barcley's London home. He took the opportunity to educate himself in mathematics, reading Euclid's Elements and the works of Newton. He also read other scientific books, as well as books on history and languages. In the autumn of 1792 he moved to London to begin his studies of medicine. As well as attending lectures at the Hunterian school, he enrolled as a pupil at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Required to dissect an ox's eye, he began to develop a theory of accommodation for the eye. He published his theories in Observations on vision read to the Royal Society of London on 30 May 1793. Young was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 19 June 1794.
Young continued his medical training, entering the University of Edinburgh in 1794. As a Quaker he could not study at Oxford or Cambridge, so within Britain he could only obtain a degree from a Scottish university. After one year of study he went to the University of Göttingen, arriving there in October 1795. After submitting a dissertation, Young was given an oral examination and passed on 30 April 1796. The dissertation used Young's expertise in anatomy, language and sound. He left Göttingen in late July and visited Brunswick, Gotha, Weimar, Jena, Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin before returning to England in February 1797. He discovered, however, that a change in regulations by the College of Physicians required a period of two years study at the same university before qualifying to practice medicine. He therefore went to Emmanuel College Cambridge, but before doing so he had to leave the Quakers and declare himself a member of the Church of England. He did not find this hard for he had been moving steadily away from the strict Quaker rules, attending dances and the theatre while in Edinburgh.
Although enrolled in the medical course, Young did not study medicine at Cambridge, feeling that he already knew sufficient of that subject. Rather he worked on his own, learning more physics in order that he might pursue interests coming from his Göttingen dissertation. He had little respect for the Cambridge mathematicians writing:-
I am ashamed to find how much the foreign mathematicians for these forty years have surpassed the English in the higher branches of the sciences.
The Cambridge men thought little of Young in return. A tutor wrote (see [7]):-
He seldom gave an opinion, and never volunteered one
. He never laid down the law like other learned doctors, or uttered ... sayings to be remembered. Indeed, like most mathematicians, ... he never seemed to think abstractly. A philosophical fact, a difficult calculation, an ingenious instrument, or a new invention, would engage his attention ...
On 13 December 1797 Young's great-uncle died and left him his London home and a good sum of money which left Young financially secure. He read the paper Sound and light to the Royal Society in January 1800 and a further paper On the mechanism of the eye in November 1800. This second paper contained further details of the process of accommodation of the eye and measured astigmatism for the first time. He read another paper On the theory of light and colours to the Royal Society late in 1801 and it was published in the following year. This paper put forward the theory of three colour vision to explain how the eye could detect colours. Also in 1801 Young sold his great uncle's house and bought a new one in Welbeck Street. Soon after he moved in, he was approached to lecture at the Royal Institution. He accepted and worked hard to produce a course of 50 lectures which he gave beginning in January 1802. The course was divided into four parts: Mechanics; Hydrodynamics; Physics; and Mathematics. It covered a much broader range of topics, however, than these section headings suggest. His scholarly lectures were not a great success since, as one listener wrote [7]:-
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The eldest son of Thomas Young, a mercer
and banker, and of Sara Davis, Young was raised as a member of the Society of Friends and was largely self-educated in languages and natural philosophy.1 He learned to read at age two : and by the time he was six, he had read twice through the Bible and had started the study of Latin. Between 1780 and 1786 he attended two boarding schools, where he learned elementary mathematics and gained a reading knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. He also had begun independent study of natural history, natural philosophy, and fluxions, and had learned to make telescopes and microscopes. In 1786 Young began independent study of Hebrew, Chaldean, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic. Shortly thereafter he became tutor to his lifelong friend and biographer Hudson Gurney, who was a member of the Gurney banking family. By 1792 Young had become a proficient Greek and Latin scholar : had mastered the fluxionary calculus : and had read Newton’s Principia and Opticks, Lavoisier’s Elements of Chemistry, Joseph Black’s manuscript lectures on chemistry, and Boerhaave’s Methoclus studii medici, in addition to plays, law, and politics
.
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