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ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية
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Milan Kundera, born 1 April 1929, is a writer of
Czech
origin who has lived in exile in France since 1975, where he became a
naturalized citizen
in 1981. He is best known as the author of
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
,
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
, and
The Joke
. Kundera has written in both
Czech
and
French
. He revises the French translations of all his books; these therefore are not considered translations but original works. His books were banned by the
Communist
regimes of Czechoslovakia until the downfall of the regime in the
Velvet Revolution
of 1989.
روائي من تشيكوسلفاكيا ولد عام 1029 عاش في المنفى منذ عام 1975
Life
Kundera was born in 1929 at Purkyňova ulice, 6 (6 Purkyňova Street) in
Brno
,
Czechoslovakia
, to a middle-class family. His father, Ludvík Kundera (1891–1971), once a pupil of the composer
Leoš Janáček
, was an important Czech musicologist and pianist who served as the head of the
Janáček Music Academy
in Brno from 1948 to 1961.
مات ابوه عام 1971
Milan learned to play the piano from his father; he later studied musicology and musical composition. Musicological influences and references can be found throughout his work; he has even gone so far as to include
musical notation
in the text to make a point. Kundera is a cousin of Czech writer and translator
Ludvík Kundera
. He belonged to the generation of young Czechs who had had little or no experience of the pre-war democratic
Czechoslovak Republic
. Their ideology was greatly influenced by the experiences of World War II and the German occupation. Still in his teens, he joined the
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
which seized power in 1948. He completed his secondary school studies in
Brno
at Gymnázium třída Kapitána Jaroše in 1948. He studied literature and aesthetics at the Faculty of Arts at
Charles University
in Prague. After two terms, he transferred to the Film Faculty of the
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
, where he first attended lectures in film direction and script writing.
In 1950, his studies were briefly interrupted by political interferences. He and writer
Jan Trefulka
were expelled from the party for "anti-party activities." Trefulka described the incident in his novella
Pršelo jim štěstí
(
Happiness Rained On Them
, 1962). Kundera also used the incident as an inspiration for the main theme of his novel
Žert
(
The Joke
,
1967
). After Kundera graduated in 1952, the Film Faculty appointed him a lecturer in world literature. In 1956 Milan Kundera was readmitted into the Party. He was expelled for the second time in 1970. Kundera, along with other reform communist writers such as
Pavel Kohout
, were partly involved in the 1968
Prague Spring
. This brief period of reformist activities was crushed by the
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968
. Kundera remained committed to reforming Czech communism, and argued vehemently in print with fellow Czech writer
Václav Havel
, saying, essentially, that everyone should remain calm and that "nobody is being locked up for his opinions yet," and "the significance of the Prague Autumn may ultimately be greater than that of the Prague Spring." Finally, however, Kundera relinquished his reformist dreams and moved to France in 1975. He taught for a few years in the
University of Rennes
.
[2]
[3]
He was stripped of Czechoslovak citizenship in 1979; he has been a French citizen since 1981.
[4]
He maintains contacts with Czech and Slovak friends in his homeland, but rarely returns and always does so incognito.
Career
Although his early poetic works are staunchly pro-communist, his novels escape ideological classification. Kundera has repeatedly insisted on being considered a novelist, rather than a political or dissident writer. Political commentary has all but disappeared from his novels (starting specifically after
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
) except in relation to broader philosophical themes. Kundera's style of fiction, interlaced with philosophical digression, greatly inspired by the novels of
Robert Musil
and the philosophy of
Nietzsche
,
]
is also used by authors
Alain de Botton
and
Adam Thirlwell
. Kundera takes his inspiration, as he notes often enough, not only from the
Renaissance
authors
Giovanni Boccaccio
and
Rabelais
, but also from
Laurence Sterne
,
Henry Fielding
,
Denis Diderot
,
Robert Musil
,
Witold Gombrowicz
,
Hermann Broch
,
Franz Kafka
,
Martin Heidegger
, and perhaps most importantly,
Miguel de Cervantes
, to whose legacy he considers himself most committed.
Originally, he wrote in Czech. From 1993 onwards, he has written his novels in French. Between 1985 and 1987 he undertook the revision of the French translations of his earlier works. As a result, all of his books exist in French with the authority of the original. His books have been translated into many languages.
The Joke
Main article:
The Joke (novel)
In his first novel,
The Joke
(1967), he gave a satirical account of the nature of totalitarianism in the
Communist
era
. Kundera was quick to criticize the Soviet invasion in 1968. This led to his
blacklisting
in Czechoslavakia and his works being banned there.
]
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
Main article:
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
In 1975, Kundera moved to France. There he published
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
(
1979
) which told of Czech citizens opposing the communist regime in various ways. An unusual mixture of novel, short story collection and author's musings, the book set the tone for his works in exile. Critics have noted the irony that the country that Kundera seemed to be writing about when he talked about Czechoslovakia in the book, "is, thanks to the latest political redefinitions, no longer precisely there" which is The "kind of disappearance and reappearance" Kundera explores in the book.
[8]
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
Main article:
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
In
1984
, he published
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
, his most famous work. The book chronicled the fragile nature of the fate of the individual and theorized that a single lifetime is insignificant in the scope of Nietzsche's concept of
eternal return
, because in an infinite universe, everything is guaranteed to recur infinitely. In 1988, American director
Philip Kaufman
released a
film version
of the novel.
[
Immortality
Main article:
Immortality (novel)
In 1990, Kundera published
Immortality
. The novel, his last in Czech, was more cosmopolitan than its predecessors. Its content was more explicitly philosophical, as well as less political. It would set the tone for his later novels.
Writing style and philosophy
Kundera's characters are often explicitly identified as figments of his own imagination, commenting in the
first-person
on the characters in entirely
third-person
stories. Kundera is more concerned with the words that shape or mould his characters than with the characters' physical appearance. In his non-fiction work,
The Art of the Novel
, he says that the reader's imagination automatically completes the writer's vision. He, as the writer, wishes to focus on the essential insofar as the physical is not critical to an understanding of the character. For him the essential may not include the physical appearance or even the interior world (the psychological world) of his characters. Other times, a specific feature or trait may become the character's idiosyncratic focus.
François Ricard
suggested that Kundera conceives with regard to an overall
oeuvre
, rather than limiting his ideas to the scope of just one novel at a time. His themes and meta-themes exist across the entire oeuvre. Each new book manifests the latest stage of his personal philosophy. Some of these meta-themes include exile, identity, life beyond the border (beyond love, beyond art, beyond seriousness), history as continual return, and the pleasure of a less "important" life. (François Ricard, 2003) Many of Kundera's characters are intended as expositions of one of these themes at the expense of their fully developed humanity. Specifics in regard to the characters tend to be rather vague. Often, more than one main character is used in a novel, even to the extent of completely discontinuing a character and resuming the plot with a brand new character. As he told
Philip Roth
in an interview in
The Village Voice
: "Intimate life [is] understood as one's personal secret, as something valuable, inviolable, the basis of one's originality.
[9]
Kundera's early novels explore the dual tragic and comic aspects of
totalitarianism
. He does not view his works, however, as political commentary. "The condemnation of totalitarianism doesn't deserve a novel," says Kundera. According to the Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes, "What he finds interesting is the similarity between
totalitarianism
and "the immemorial and fascinating dream of a harmonious society where private life and public life form but one unity and all are united around one will and one faith..." In exploring the dark humor of this topic, Kundera seems deeply influenced by
Franz Kafka
.
Kundera considers himself to be a writer without a message. For example, in the
Sixty-three Words,
a chapter in
The Art of the Novel
, Kundera recounts an episode when a Scandinavian publisher hesitated about going ahead with the publication of
The Farewell Party
because of the apparent anti-abortion message contained in the novel. Kundera explains that not only was the publisher wrong about the existence of such a message in the work, but, "...I was delighted with the misunderstanding. I had succeeded as a novelist. I succeeded in maintaining the moral ambiguity of the situation. I had kept faith with the essence of the novel as an art: irony. And irony doesn't give a damn about messages!"
[10]
He also digresses into musical matters, analyzing Czech folk music, quoting from
Leoš Janáček
and
Bartók
. Further in this vein, he interpolates musical excerpts into the text (for example, in
The Joke
), or discusses
Schoenberg
and
atonality
.
Controversy
On October 13, 2008, the Czech weekly
Respekt
prominently publicised an investigation carried out by the Czech
Institute for Studies of Totalitarian Regimes
, which alleged Kundera denounced to the police a young Czech pilot, Miroslav Dvořáček.
The accusation was based on a police station report from 1950 which gave "Milan Kundera, student, born 1.4.1929" as the informant. The target of the subsequent arrest, Miroslav Dvořáček, had fled Czechoslovakia after being ordered to join the infantry in the wake of a purge of the flight academy and returned to Czechoslovakia as a Western spy
[
.
Dvořáček returned secretly to the student dormitory of a friend's former sweetheart, Iva Militká. Militká was dating (and later married) a fellow student Ivan Dlask, and Dlask knew Kundera. The police report states that Militká told Dlask who told Kundera who told the police of Dvořáček's presence in town.
[
Although the communist prosecutor sought the
death penalty
, Dvořáček was sentenced to 22 years (as well as being charged 10,000
crowns
, forfeiting property, and being stripped of civic rights and ended up serving 14 years in labor camp, with some of that time spent in a uranium mine, before being released.
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