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ـ يوليسيس،
للمؤلف
جيمس
جويس
.
Ulysses
is a
novel
by the
Irish author
James Joyce
. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal
The Little Review
from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by
Sylvia Beach
on 2 February 1922, in Paris. One of the most important works of
Modernist literature
,
[1]
it has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".
[2]
"Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking."
[3]
Ulysses
chronicles the passage of
Leopold Bloom
through
Dublin
during an ordinary day, 16 June 1904 (the day of Joyce's first date with his future wife,
Nora Barnacle
).
[4]
The title alludes to
Odysseus
(
Latinised
into
Ulysses
), the hero of
Homer
's
Odyssey
, and establishes a series of parallels between characters and events in Homer's poem and Joyce's novel (
e.g.
, the correspondence of
Leopold Bloom
to Odysseus,
Molly Bloom
to
Penelope
, and
Stephen Dedalus
to
Telemachus
). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as
Bloomsday
.
Ulysses
is approximately 265,000 words in length and uses a
lexicon
of 30,030 words (including proper names, plurals and various verb tenses),
[5]
divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars."
Ulysses'
stream-of-consciousness
technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—full of
puns
,
parodies
, and
allusions
, as well as its rich
characterisations
and broad humour, made the book a highly regarded novel in the
Modernist
pantheon. In 1998, the
Modern Library
ranked
Ulysses
first on its list of the
100 best English-language novels of the 20th century
.
[6]
Background
Joyce first encountered
Odysseus
in
Charles Lamb
's
Adventures of Ulysses
—an adaptation of the
Odyssey
for children, which seemed to establish the Roman name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on
Ulysses
entitled "My Favourite Hero".
[7]
[8]
Joyce told
Frank Budgen
that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature.
[9]
He thought about calling
Dubliners
by the name
Ulysses in Dublin
,
[10]
but the idea grew from a story in
Dubliners
in 1906, to a "short book" in 1907,
[11]
to the vast novel that he began in 1914.
Structure
Joyce divided
Ulysses
into 18 chapters or "episodes". At first glance much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant", which would earn the novel "immortality".
[12]
The two schemata which
Stuart Gilbert
and Herbert Gorman released after publication to defend Joyce from the obscenity accusations made the links to the
Odyssey
clear, and also explained the work's internal structure.
Every episode of
Ulysses
has a theme, technique, and correspondences between its characters and those of the
Odyssey
. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences; instead, they originate from the
Linati
and
Gilbert
schema. Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the idiosyncratic rendering of some of the titles––'Nausikaa', the 'Telemachia'––from
Victor Bérard
's two-volume
Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée
which he consulted in 1918 in the
Zentralbibliothek Zürich
.
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