الموضوع
:
ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-01-2011, 04:12 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos
(
French pronunciation:
18 October 1741 – 5 September 1803) was a French novelist, official and army general, best known for writing the
epistolary novel
Les Liaisons dangereuses
(
Dangerous Liaisons
).
A unique case in French literature, he was for a long time considered to be as scandalous a writer as the
Marquis de Sade
or
Nicolas-Edme Rétif
. He was a military officer with no illusions about human relations, and an amateur writer; however, his initial plan was to "write a work which departed from the ordinary, which made a noise, and which would remain on earth after his death"; from this point of view he mostly attained his goals, with the fame of his masterwork
Les Liaisons dangereuses
. It is one of the masterpieces of novelistic literature of the 18th century, which explores the amorous intrigues of the aristocracy. It has inspired a large number of critical and analytic commentaries, plays, and films.
Biography
Laclos was born in
Amiens
into a bourgeois family, and in 1760 was sent to the
École royale d'artillerie de La Fère
, ancestor of the
École polytechnique
.
انضم للجيس وعمره 19 سنه وارسل الى الجبهة
As a young lieutenant, he briefly served in a garrison at
La Rochelle
until the end of the
Seven Years War
(1763).
خدم في الجيس حتى نهاية حرب السبعة سنوات والتي انتهت في نهاية 1763
Later he was assigned to
Strasbourg
(1765–1769),
Grenoble
(1769–1775) and
Besançon
(1775–1776).
Despite being promoted to captain (1771), Laclos grew increasingly bored with his artillery garrison duties and the company of the soldiers, and began to devote his free time to writing.
في وقت لاحق بدأ يضجر من حياة العسكرية وصحبة العساكر وكرس وقته للكتابة
His first works, several light poems, were published on the
Almanach des Muses
. Later he wrote an
Opéra-comique
,
Ernestine
, inspired by a novel by
Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni
. Its premiere on 19 July 1777, in presence of Queen
Marie-Antoinette
, was a failure. In the same year he created a new artillery school in
Valence
, which was to include
Napoleon
among its students. At his return at Besançon in 1778, Laclos was promoted second captain of the Engineers. In this period he wrote several works, which showed his great admiration of
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
.
In 1779 he was sent to
Île-d'Aix
to assist
Marc-René de Montalembert
in the construction of fortifications there against the British. He however spent most of his time writing his new
epistolary novel
,
Les Liaisons Dangereuses
, as well as a
Letter to Madame de Montalembert
. When he asked for and was granted six months of vacation, he spent the time in
Paris
writing.
Les Liaisons Dangereuses
was published by Durand Neveu in four volumes on 23 March 1782, turning into a widespread success (1,000 copies sold in a month, an exceptional result for the times). Laclos was immediately ordered to return to his garrison in
Brittany
; in 1783 he was sent to La Rochelle to collaborate in the construction of the new arsenal. Here he met Marie-Soulange Duperré, 18 years his junior, whom he would marry in 1786. The following year he began a project of numbering Paris' streets.
In 1788 Laclos left the army, entering the service of
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
, for whom, after the outbreak of the
French Revolution
, he carried forward with intense diplomatic activity. Captured by the Republic ideals, he left the Duke to obtain a place as commissar in the Ministry of War. His reorganization has been credited as having a role in the Revolutionary Army victory in the
Battle of Valmy
. Later, after the desertion of general
Charles François Dumouriez
, he was however arrested as "Orleaniste", being freed after the
Thermidorian Reaction
.
He thenceforth spent some time in ballistic studies, which led him to the invention of the modern artillery
shell
.
اخترع كبسولة المدفيعة المصنوعة من البلاستيك والتي ما تزال تستخدم
In 1795 he requested of the
Committee of Public Safety
reintegration in the army, which was ignored. His attempts to obtain a diplomatic position and to found a bank were also unsuccessful.
حاول الحصول على وظيفة في السلك الدبلماسي لكنه فشل ثم حاول تأسيس بنك وفشل
Eventually, Laclos met the young general and recent First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, and joined his party. On 16 January 1800 he was reinstated in the Army as Brigadier General in the
Armée du Rhin
, taking part in the
Battle of Biberach
.
Made commander-in-chief of Reserve Artillery in Italy (1803), Laclos died shortly afterward in the former convent of St.
Francis of Assisi
at
Taranto
, probably of
dysentery
and
malaria
. He was buried in the fort still bearing his name (
Forte de Laclos
) in the Isola di San Paolo near the city, built under his direction. Following the restoration of the
House of Bourbon
in southern Italy, his burial tomb was destroyed; it is believed that his bones were tossed into the sea.
Bibliography
·
Ernestine
(1777, Opéra-comique)
[1]
·
Les Liaisons dangereuses
(1782)
·
Des Femmes et de leur éducation
(1783)
·
Instructions aux assemblées de bailliage
(1789)
·
Journal des amis de la Constitution
(1790–1791)
·
De la guerre et de la paix
(1795)
اهدم احداث حياته:
مجهول الطفولة.
رد مع الإقتباس