الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
08-22-2011, 04:17 AM
المشاركة
1055
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
جون الاول - العظيم
يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 9 سنوات.
مجاله: قائد عظيم.
John I
(or
João I,
Portuguese pronunciation:
[ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]
;
Lisbon
, São
João da Praça (extinct), 11 April 1358 – Lisbon, Castle, 14 August 1433), called
the Good
(sometimes
the Great
) or
of Happy Memory
, more rarely and outside Portugal
the Bastard
, was the tenth
King of Portugal and the Algarve
and the first to use the title
Lord of Ceuta
. He was the natural son of
Peter I
by a woman named Teresa Lourenço, who some say was a noble
Galician
, daughter of Lourenço Martins, o da Praça, and wife Sancha Martins.
Peter I (
Portuguese
:
Pedro
, pronounced
[ˈpedɾu]
; 19 April 1320 – 18 January 1367), called
the Just
(Portuguese:
o Justiceiro
), was the eighth
King of Portugal and the Algarve
from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of
Afonso IV of Portugal
and his wife, princess
Beatrice of Castile
.
In 1364 he was created Grand Master of the
Order of Aviz
, by which title he was known. He became king in 1385, after the
1383–1385 Crisis
.
On the death of his half-brother
Ferdinand I
in October 1383, without a male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for princess
Beatrice
, Ferdinand's only daughter. As
heiress presumptive
, Beatrice had married king
John I of Castile
, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have become virtually united with Castile. The
1383–1385 Crisis
followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.
On 6 April 1385, the council of the kingdom (
cortes
in
Portuguese
) met in
Coimbra
and declared John, then Master of Aviz, king of Portugal. This was in effect a declaration of war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile invaded Portugal, with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne.
John I of Castile
was accompanied by
French
allied cavalry while
English
troops and generals took the side of John (see
Hundred Years War
). John I then named
Nuno Álvares Pereira
, his loyal and talented supporter, general and protector of the Kingdom. The invasion was repelled during the summer after the
Battle of Atoleiros
and, especially, the decisive
battle of Aljubarrota
( 14 August 1385), where the Castilian army was virtually annihilated.
John I of Castile
then retreated and the stability of John I's throne was permanently secured
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