الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
08-21-2011, 02:22 AM
المشاركة
1054
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
جوستافو الثاني ادلفو
يتمه: يتيم الاب في سن السابعة عشره
مجاله: امبراطور كبير.
Gustav II Adolf
(born 9 December 1594, died 6 November 1632,
O.S.
) has been widely known in English by his
Latinized
name
Gustavus Adolphus Magnus
and variously in historical writings also as
Gustavus
, or
Gustavus the Great
, or
Gustav Adolph the Great
, (
Swedish
:
Gustav Adolf den store
, a formal distinction passed by the
Swedish
Parliament in 1634). He was
King of Sweden
(1611–1632) and founder of the
Swedish Empire
(or
Stormaktstiden – "the era of great power"
) at the beginning of the
Golden Age
of Sweden. He led his nation to military supremacy during the
Thirty Years War
, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He is thereby regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time. His most notable military victory was the
battle of Breitenfeld
. With a superb military machine with good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, all backed by a highly efficient government back home that paid the bills on time, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader, but he was killed in
battle of Lützen
in 1632. He was assisted by
Axel Oxenstierna
(1583–1654), leader of the nobles who also acted as
regent
after his death.
In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 (at age 17) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge — as Sweden rose from the status of a mere
regional power
and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of the
great powers
of Europe and a model of
early modern era
government. Within only a few years of his accession Sweden had become the largest nation in Europe after Russia and Spain. Some have called him the "father of modern warfare",
[1]
or the first great modern general. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the
Protestant
cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as
Lennart Torstensson
, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustav Adolph's death in battle.
He was known by the epithets "The Golden King" and "The Lion of the North" by neighboring sovereigns. Gustavus Adolphus is today commemorated by
city squares
in
Stockholm
,
Gothenburg
and
Helsingborg
.
Gustavus Adolphus College
, a Lutheran college in
St. Peter, Minnesota
, is also named for the Swedish king.
Gustavus Adolphus was born in
Stockholm
as the oldest son of
Duke Charles
of the
Vasa dynasty
and his second wife,
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
. At the time, the King of Sweden was Gustavus Adolphus' cousin
Sigismund
. The staunch Protestant Duke Charles
forced the Catholic King
to let go of the throne of Sweden in 1599, a part of the preliminary religious strife before the
Thirty Years' War
, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as
Charles IX of Sweden
in 1604. Upon his father's death in 1611, a seventeen year-old Gustavus inherited the throne as well as an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish cousin. Sigismund III wanted to regain the throne of Sweden and tried to force Gustavus Adolphus to renounce the title.
In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus invaded Livonia when he was 31, beginning the
Polish-Swedish War (1625–1629)
. He intervened on behalf of the Lutherans in Germany, who opened the gates to their cities to him. His reign became famous from his actions a few years later when on June 1630 he landed in Germany, continuing Sweden's involvement in the ongoing
Thirty Years' War
. Gustavus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation
رد مع الإقتباس