الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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06-17-2011, 11:07 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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جين راسين
يتمه : ماتت الام وعمره 3 سنوات ومات الاب وعمره 4 سنوات
مجاله: مسرحي فرنسي.
Jean Racine (French pronunciation:
[ʒɑ̃ ʁaˈsin]
), baptismal name Jean-Baptiste Racine (22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699),
was a
French
dramatist
,
one of the "Big Three" of 17th century
France
(along with
Molière
and
Corneille
), and one of the most important literary figures in the Western tradition. Racine was primarily a
tragedian
, producing such 'examples of neoclassical perfection'
[1]
as
Phèdre
,
[2]
Andromaque
,
[3]
and
Athalie
,
[4]
although he did write one comedy,
Les Plaideurs
,
[5]
and a muted tragedy,
[6]
Esther
, for the young.
Racine's plays displayed his mastery of the dodecasyllabic
alexandrine
; his verse is renowned for elegance, purity, speed, and fury,
[7]
[8]
and for what
Robert Lowell
described as a 'diamond-edge', and the 'glory of its hard, electric rage'. Racine's works are widely considered to be untranslatable,
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
although many eminent poets have attempted to do so,[including Lowell,
Ted Hughes
, and
Derek Mahon
into English, and
Schiller
into
German
. Racine's dramaturgy is marked by his psychological insight, the prevailing passion of his characters, and the nakedness of both the
plot
and
stage
.
Racine was born on 22 December 1639 in
La Ferté-Milon
(
Aisne
), in the former
Picardy
province in northern
France
. He was an orphan by the age of four (his mother died in 1641 and his father in 1643) and was raised by his grandparents. At the death of his grandfather, in 1649, his grandmother, Marie des Moulins, went to live in the convent of
Port-Royal
and took her grandson with her
.
He received a classical education at the
Petites écoles de Port-Royal
, a religious institution which would greatly influence other contemporary figures including
Blaise Pascal
. Port-Royal was run by followers of
Jansenism
, a theology condemned as heretical by the French bishops and the Pope. Racine's interactions with the Jansenists in his years at this academy would have great influence over him for the rest of his life. At Port-Royal, he excelled in his studies of the
Classics
and the themes of
Greek
and
Roman
mythology
would play large roles in his future works. He was expected to study law at the
Collège de Harcourt
in Paris but, instead, found himself drawn to a more artistic lifestyle. Experimenting with poetry yielded high praise from France's greatest literary critic,
Nicolas Boileau
with whom Racine would later become great friends, and Boileau would often claim that he was behind the budding poet's work. He eventually took up residence in Paris where he became involved in theatrical circles.
His first play,
Amasie
, never reached the stage. On 20 June 1664, Racine's tragedy
La Thébaïde
ou les frères ennemis
(
The Thebans
or the enemy Brothers
) was produced by Molière's troupe at the
Théâtre du Palais-Royal
, in Paris. The following year, Molière also put on Racine's second play,
Alexandre le Grand
. However, this play garnered such good feedback from the public that Racine secretly negotiated with a rival play company, the
Hôtel de Bourgogne
, to perform the play since they had a better reputation for performing tragedies. Thus,
Alexandre
premiered for the second time, by a different acting troupe, eleven days after its first showing. Molière could never forgive Racine for his betrayal, and Racine simply widened the rift between him and his former friend by seducing Molière's leading actress, Thérèse du Parc, into becoming his companion both professionally and personally. From this point on, all of Racine's secular plays were performed by the
Hôtel de Bourgogne
troupe.
Though both
La Thébaide
(1664) and its successor,
Alexandre
(1665), had classical themes, Racine was already entering into controversy and forced to field accusations that he was polluting the minds of his audiences. He broke all ties with Port-Royal, and proceeded with
Andromaque
(1667), which told the story of
Andromache
, widow of
Hector
, and her fate following the
Trojan War
. Amongst his rivals were
Pierre Corneille
and his brother,
Thomas Corneille
. Tragedians often competed with alternative versions of the same plot: for example,
Michel le Clerc
produced an
Iphigénie
in the same year as Racine (1674), and
Jacques Pradon
also wrote a play about
Phèdre
(1677). The success of Pradon's work (the result of the activities of a
claque
) was one of the events which caused Racine to renounce his work as a dramatist at that time, even though his career up to this point was so successful that he was the first French author to live almost entirely on the money he earned from his writings. Others, including the historian
Warren Lewis
, attribute his retirement from the theater to qualms of conscience.
However, one major incident which seems to have contributed to Racine's departure from public life was his implication in a court scandal of 1679. He got married at about this time to the pious Catherine de Romanet, and his religious beliefs and devotion to the
Jansenist
sect were revived. He and his wife eventually had two sons and five daughters. Around the time of his marriage and departure from the theater, Racine accepted a position as a royal historiographer in the court of
King Louis XIV
, alongside his friend Boileau. He kept this position in spite of the minor scandals he was involved in. In 1672, he was elected to the
Académie française
, eventually gaining much power over this organization. Two years later, he was bestowed the title of "treasurer of France", and he was later distinguished as an "ordinary gentleman of the king" (1690), and then as a secretary of the king (1696). Because of his flourishing career in the court, Louis XIV provided for his widow and children after his death. When at last he returned to the theatre, it was at the request of
Madame de Maintenon
, morganatic second wife of King Louis XIV, with the moral fables,
Esther
(1689) and
Athalie
(1691), both of which were based on
Old Testament
stories and intended for performance by the pupils of the school of the
Maison royale de Saint-Louis
in
Saint-Cyr
(a commune neighboring Versailles, and now known as "Saint-Cyr l'École").
Jean Racine died in 1699 from cancer of the liver. He requested to be buried in Port-Royal, but after Louis XIV had this site razed in 1710, his remains were moved to the
Saint-Étienne-du-Mont
church in
Paris
.
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