الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
06-14-2011, 09:58 PM
المشاركة
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
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جون كرفث
يتمه: لقيط – لم يعترف ب هاباه مما دفع امه لمحاولة الانتحار وعاش عند مربية حتى وقت متأخر...تعرض لصدمه عنيفه حينما رفض والده الاعتراف به بعد محاولة اتصال معه وهو في سن العشرين.
مجاله: اديب امريكي..وناشط اجتماعي
.
John Griffith "Jack" London
(born John Griffith Chaney, January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of
White Fang
and
Call of the Wild
, set in the
Klondike Gold Rush
, as well as the short stories "
To Build a Fire
", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life".
[
citation needed
]
He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in
The Sea Wolf
.
London was a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics such as his dystopian novel,
The Iron Heel
and his non-fiction exposé,
The People of the Abyss
.
Family background
Flora Wellman.
Jack London's mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of
Pennsylvania Canal
builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was a great-great-great-grandson of Puritan
Thomas Wellman
. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and
spiritualist
claiming to channel the spirit of an
Indian
chief.
Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe that London's father was
astrologer
William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Most
San Francisco
civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the
1906 earthquake
; it is not known with certainty what name appeared on his birth certificate. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been his "wife" and also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself "Florence Wellman Chaney".
[
citation needed
]
According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the
San Francisco Chronicle
of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an
abortion
. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After she gave birth, Flora turned the baby over to ex-
slave
Virginia Prentiss, who remained a major maternal figure throughout London's life. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled
Civil War
veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the
San Francisco Bay Area
before settling in
Oakland
, where London completed
grade school
.
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the
University of California, Berkeley
, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in
Chicago
. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. He concluded that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter. In the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the
Klondike
.
Early life
London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in
San Francisco
. The house burned down in the fire after the
1906 San Francisco earthquake
; the
California Historical Society
placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Though the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was essentially self-educated.
In 1885 London found and read
Ouida
's long
Victorian
novel
Signa
. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886 he went to the
Oakland Public Library
and found a sympathetic librarian,
Ina Coolbrith
, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first
poet laureate
and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community).
In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his black foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the
sloop
Razzle-Dazzle
from an
oyster pirate
named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate. In his memoir,
John Barleycorn
, he claims to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie.
[12]
[13]
[14]
After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London became hired as a member of the
California Fish Patrol
.
In 1893, he signed on to the sealing
schooner
Sophie Sutherland
, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the
panic of '93
and
Oakland
was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a
jute mill
and a street-railway power plant, he joined
Kelly's Army
and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the
Erie County
Penitentiary at
Buffalo
. In
The Road
, he wrote:
"Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say 'unprintable'; and in justice I must also say undescribable. They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them."
After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended
Oakland High School
. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine,
The Aegis
. His first published work was "Typhoon off the Coast of Japan", an account of his sailing experiences.
As a schoolboy, London often studied at
Heinold's First and Last Chance
, a port side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend University and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.
London desperately wanted to attend the
University of California, Berkeley
. In 1896 after a summer of intense cramming to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897 and he never graduated. No evidence suggests that London wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.
While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel,
John Barleycorn
,
London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea,
[16]
whom the protagonist in London's novel
The Sea-Wolf
, Wolf Larsen, is based.
[17]
Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor.
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