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هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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جون نوكس
يتمه: ماتت امه وهو صغير.
مجاله : مصلح ديني اسكتلندي.
John Knox
(ولد 1510 - توفى 24 نوفمبر 1572) مصلح ديني اسكتلندي وقائد حركة
الإصلاح البروتستانتي
كانت له اليد الطولى في نقل البلاد من
الكاثوليكية
إلى
البروتستانتية
.
بدأ نوكس نشاطه عام
1542
فاتهمه البابا بالهرطقة وسجن مدة في
فرنسا
وعمل في إحدى سفن العبيد نحو سنة ونصف وذهب إلى
إنجلترا
بعد الإفراج عنه وفي
جينيف
تم إحراق تمثال له بتهمة الهرطقة، كان
جون كالفين
يستشيره في أمر الكنيسة.
في عام
1559
عاد نوكس إلى
اسكتلندا
عندما اشتد الصراع بين الكاثوليك والبروتستانت بقيادة النبلاء البروتستانت فتزعمهم وفي السنة اللاحقة أسس الكنيسة البريسبيتارية أو المشيخية التي ألغت سلطة البابا، مما حدا
بإليزابيث الأولى
ملكة إنكلترا التدخل لفرض الدين الجديد، وحل السلام بشكل نسبي حتى وصول الملكة
ماري ستيوارت
الكاثوليكية من فرنسا.
حدثت خلافات بين نوكس والتاج واعتقل في إحداها بتهمة الخيانة حيث كان عنيفا في انتقاداته وشكك في تعاليم ماري ورغم مهارتها ومنطقها في المناظرات بينهما فقد اكتسب نوكس حب الشعب وعقله عليها، وعند إعدام إعدام ماري كانت اسكتلندا قد أصبحت كاثوليكية.
John Knox (c. 1514 – 24 November 1572) was a
Scottish
clergyman and a leader of the
Protestant Reformation
who brought reformation to the church in Scotland. He was educated at the
University of St Andrews
and was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1536. Influenced by early church reformers such as
George Wishart
, he joined the movement to reform the
Scottish church
. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of
Cardinal Beaton
in 1546 and the intervention of the
regent
of Scotland,
Mary of Guise
. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549.
While in exile, Knox was licensed to work in the
Church of England
, where he quickly rose in the ranks to serve King
Edward VI of England
as a royal chaplain. In this position, he exerted a reforming influence on the text of the
Book of Common Prayer
. In England he met and married his first wife, Marjorie. When
Mary Tudor
ascended the throne and re-established
Roman Catholicism
, Knox was forced to resign his position and leave the country.
Knox first moved to
Geneva
and then to
Frankfurt
. In Geneva, he met
John Calvin
, from whom he gained experience and knowledge of
Reformed theology
and
Presbyterian polity
. He created a new order of service, which was eventually adopted by the reformed church in Scotland. He left Geneva to head the
English refugee
church in Frankfurt but he was forced to leave over differences concerning the
liturgy
, thus ending his association with the Church of England.
On his return to Scotland, he led the
Protestant Reformation in Scotland
, in partnership with the Scottish Protestant
nobility
. The movement may be seen as a revolution, since it led to the ousting of Mary of Guise, who governed the country in the name of her young daughter,
Mary, Queen of Scots
. Knox helped write the new
confession of faith
and the ecclesiastical order for the newly created reformed church,
the Kirk
. He continued to serve as the religious leader of the Protestants throughout Mary's reign. In several interviews with the queen, Knox admonished her for supporting Catholic practices. Eventually, when she was imprisoned for her alleged role in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, and
James VI
enthroned in her stead, he openly called for her execution. He continued to preach until his final days.
John Knox was born sometime between 1505 and 1515in or near
Haddington
, the
county town
of
East Lothian
.
[2]
His father, William Knox, was a farmer. All that is known of his mother is that her maiden name was Sinclair and that she died when John Knox was a child.
Knox was probably educated at the grammar school in Haddington. In his time, the priesthood was the only path for those whose inclinations were academic rather than mercantile or agricultural.
[4]
He proceeded to further studies at the
University of St Andrews
or possibly at the
University of Glasgow
. He studied under
John Major
, one of the greatest scholars of the time.
[5]
Knox first appears in public records as a priest and a
notary
in 1540. He was still serving in these capacities as late as 1543 when he described himself as a "minister of the sacred altar in the diocese of St. Andrews, notary by apostolic authority" in a notarial deed dated 27 March.
[6]
Rather than taking up parochial duties in a parish, he became
tutor
to two sons of Hugh Douglas of
Longniddry
. He also taught the son of John Cockburn of
Ormiston
. Both of these
lairds
had embraced the new religious ideas of the
Reformation
, which were sweeping Europe
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