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هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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جياكومي بوتشيني
Giacomo Puccini
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini , 22 December 1858 – 29 November 1924) was an
Italian
composer whose
operas
, including
La bohème
,
Tosca
,
Madama Butterfly
, and
Turandot
, are among the most frequently performed in the
standard repertoire
. Some of his arias, such as "
O mio babbino caro
" from
Gianni Schicchi
, "Che gelida manina" from
La bohème
, and "
Nessun dorma
" from
Turandot
, have become part of popular culture.
Early life
Puccini was born in Lucca in Tuscany, into a family with five generations of musical history behind them, including composer Domenico Pucccini.
His father died when Giacomo was five years old, and he was sent to study with his uncle Fortunato Magi, who considered him to be a poor and undisciplined student.
Magi may have been prejudiced against his nephew because his contract as choir master stipulated that he would hand over the position to Puccini "as soon as the said Signore Giacomo be old enough to discharge such duties." Puccini took the position of church
organist
and choir master in Lucca, but it was not until he saw a performance of
Verdi
's
Aida
that he became inspired to be an opera composer. He and his brother, Michele, walked 18.5 mi (30 km) to see the performance in
Pisa
.
In 1880, with the help of a relative and a grant, Puccini enrolled in the
Milan Conservatory
to study composition with
Stefano Ronchetti-Monteviti
,
Amilcare Ponchielli
, and
Antonio Bazzini
. In the same year, at the age of 21, he composed the
Messa
, which marks the culmination of his family's long association with
church music
in his native Lucca. Although Puccini himself correctly titled the work a
Messa
, referring to a setting of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass, today the work is popularly known as his
Messa di Gloria
, a name that technically refers to a setting of only the first two prayers of the Ordinary, the
Kyrie
and the
Gloria
, while omitting the
Credo
, the
Sanctus
, and the
Agnus Dei
.
The work anticipates Puccini's career as an operatic composer by offering glimpses of the dramatic power that he would soon bring forth onto the stage; the powerful "arias" for tenor and bass soloists are certainly more operatic than is usual in church music and, in its orchestration and dramatic power, the
Messa
compares interestingly with Verdi's
Requiem
.
While studying at the Conservatory, Puccini obtained a
libretto
from
Ferdinando Fontana
and entered a competition for a one-act opera in 1882. Although he did not win,
Le Villi
was later staged in 1884 at the
Teatro Dal Verme
and it caught the attention of
Giulio Ricordi
, head of
G. Ricordi & Co.
music publishers, who commissioned a second opera,
Edgar
, in 1889.
Edgar
failed: it was a bad story and Fontana's libretto was poor. This may have had an effect on Puccini's thinking because when he began his next opera,
Manon Lescaut
, he announced that he would write his own libretto so that "no fool of a librettist"
could spoil it. Ricordi persuaded him to accept Leoncavallo as his librettist, but Puccini soon asked Ricordi to remove him from the project. Four other librettists were then involved with the opera, due mainly to Puccini constantly changing his mind about the structure of the piece. It was almost by accident that the final two, Illica and Giacosa, came together to complete the opera. They remained with Puccini for his next three operas and probably his greatest successes:
La Boheme
,
Tosca
and
Madama Butterfly
.
It may well have been the failure of
Edgar
that made Puccini so apt to change his mind.
Edgar
nearly cost him his career. Puccini had eloped with the married Elvira Gemignani and Ricordi's associates were willing to turn a blind eye to his life style as long as he was successful. When
Edgar
failed, they suggested to Ricordi that he should drop Puccini, but Ricordi said that he would stay with him and made him an allowance from his own pocket until his next opera.
Manon Lescaut
was a great success and Puccini went on to become the leading operatic composer of his day.
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