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افتراضي
بنديتو كروس
Benedetto Croce
(Italian pronunciation: February 25, 1866 – November 20, 1952) was an Itlian critic, idealist philosopher, and occasionally also a politician. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy,history, methodology of history writing and asesthetics, and was a prominent Liberal, although he opposed Laissez-faire fee trade. His influence on Antonio Gramsci is quite notable.
Biography


Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy. He came from an influential and wealthy family, and was raised in a very strict Catholic environment. Around the age of 16, he turned away from Catholicism and developed a personal view of spiritual life, in which religion cannot be anything but an historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed. He kept this position for the rest of his life.
In 1883, (when he was 17 ) an earthquake hit the village of Casamicciola, Ischia, where he was on holiday with his family, destroying the home they lived in. His mother, father, and only sister were all killed, while he was buried for a very long time and barely survived.
After the incident he inherited his family's fortune and much like Schopenhauer before him was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure, enabling him to devote a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his Palazzo in Naples. (Ryn, 2000:xi). As his fame increased, many pushed him, against his wishes, to go into politics. He was made Minister of Public Education for a year, and later, in 1910, moved to the Italian Senate, a lifelong position. (Ryn, 2000:xi. He was an open critic of Italy's participation in world war I , feeling that it was a suicidal trade war. Though this made him initially unpopular, his reputation was restored after the war and he became a well-loved public figure. He was also instrumental in the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio 's move to the Palazzo Reale in 1923.
When the government that made him Minister of Public Education was ousted from power by Mussolini, he was replaced by Giovanni Gentile as the new Minister, with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in philosophical Polemic against positivism. Though Benedetto Croce initially supported B Mosulini's Fascist government (1922-24), eventually he openly opposed the Fascist Party, while he also distanced himself from his former philosophical partner, Gentile. Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolini's regime, and his home and library was raided by the fascist troopers. He managed to stay outside prison thanks to his status, but he was under surveillance and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government, to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him. In 1944, when democracy was restored, Croce, as an "icon of liberal anti fascism", was again made minister of the new government. (Ryn, 2000:xi-xii). He later left the government and remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947. (Ryn, 2000:xii).
His most interesting philosophical ideas are divided into three works: Aesthetic (1902), Logic (1908), and Philosophy of the practical (1908), but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bimonthly literary magazine, La Critica. (Ryn, 2000:xi)