Possible evidence of the link between parental absence and behavior comes from an unlikely source from across the pond: President Obama.
ان احتمالية وجود علاقة بين غياب الوالدين والسلوك جاء من مصدر فوق عادي من الولايات المتحدة وتحديدا من الرئيس أوباما نفسه .

In a new MTV documentary, "Prescription for Change: Ending America's Opioid Crisis," Obama reveals his past drug use: "When I was a teenager, I used drugs, I drank, I pretty much tried whatever was out there, but I was in Hawaii, and it was a pretty relaxed place. I was lucky that I did not get addicted except to cigarettes, which took me a long time to kick."

Notably, Obama's parents divorced around his 3rd birthday, within the parental absence time frame defined by Lacey and her colleagues.
Based on her findings, Lacey says, early life assistance provided to children with an absent parent may help prevent substance use, which might set a pattern and lead to poor fitness later in life