الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 04-03-2014, 08:41 AM
المشاركة 1750
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غريغور يوهان مندل... لا يعرف متى والديه فهو مجهول الطفولة لكنه عانى من الكآبة والمرض ودرس في مدرسة داخلية ثم التحق بالدير وهو مؤشر على ظروف بالغة الصعوبة لكننا نعتبره مجهول الطفولة لغرض هذه الدراسة.

(بالإنجليزية: Gregor Johann Mendel) (ولد 20 يوليو 1822 - 6 يناير 1884 م) هو أبو علم الوراثة، وعالم نبات وراهب نمساوي أجرى الكثير من التجارب واكتشف القوانين الأساسية للوراثة. أدت تجاربه في تكاثر نبات البازلاء إلى تطور علم الوراثة وكانت تجاربه هي الأساس لعلم الوراثة الذي يشهد تقدماً في عالم اليوم.
حياته</SPAN>
ولد غريغور يوهان مندل، في بلدة هينزندورف بالنمسا. كان والداه مزارعين فقيرين، وكان مندل طالباً فاشلاً بالدراسة، وتقدم مرتين لامتحان يؤهله لتدريس الثانوية لكنه فشل. ولما كان كثير من المدرسين آنذاك كهنة، دخل مندل عام 1843مدير القديس توماس في برونبالنمسا -(برنو الآن في تشيكيا)- وعمره في ذلك الوقت كان21 عاماً، وأصبح قسيساً.

كان الدير في ذلك الوقت، مركزاً علمياً بالإضافة إلى كونه مركزاً دينياً؛ فالتقى مندل بالعديد من العلماء البارزين هناك. وفي عام 1851م، ابتعثه الدير لدراسة العلوم والرياضيات في جامعة فيينا الشهيرة.
في عام 1853م وعاد إلى الدير، ودرّس علم الأحياءوالرياضيات في مدرسة عليا محلية لمدة 14 سنة. وجاءت شهرة مندل العالمية من بحوثه الصغيرة في حديقة الدير على نباتات البازلاء وزهورها وبذورها.
انتخب مندل عام 1868م رئيساً للدير. ومنذ ذلك الحين قيدت مسؤولياته الإدارية من فرصة في الاستمرار في المزيد من البحوث قدماً.


Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was a German-speakingSilesian[2][3] scientist and Augustinianfriar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century, when the independent rediscovery of these laws initiated the modern science of genetics.[4]
Biography</SPAN>

Johann Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Silesia, Austrian Empire (now Hynčice, Czech Republic). (He was given the name Gregor when he joined the Augustinian friars.) He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel, and had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger, Theresia. They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years.

During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. Later, as a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava. He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to illness.

From 1840 to 1843, he studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the University of Olomouc Faculty of Philosophy, taking another year off because of illness. He also struggled financially to pay for his studies and Theresia gave him her dowry. Later he helped support her three sons, two of whom became doctors. He became a friar because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself.
When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy, the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by Johann Karl Nestler who conducted extensive research of hereditary traits of plants and animals, especially sheep. Upon recommendation of his physics teacher Friedrich Franz,[8] Mendel entered the AugustinianSt Thomas's Abbey and began his training as a priest. Born Johann Mendel, he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life. Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher. In 1850 he failed the oral part, the last of three parts, of his exams to become a certified high school teacher. In 1851 he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot C. F. Napp so that he could get more formal education.[9] At Vienna, his professor of physics was Christian Doppler.[10] Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics. In 1856 he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part.[9]In 1867 he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery.[11]
Mendel began his studies on heredity using mice. He was at St. Thomas's Abbey but his bishop did not like one of his friar studying animal sex, so Mendel switched to plants. Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him, using bee hives that he designed. He also studied astronomy and meteorology,[11] founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865.[10] The majority of his published works were related to meteorology
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Early Life

Gregor Johann Mendel was born Johann Mendel on July 22, 1822, to Anton and Rosine Mendel, on his family’s farm, in what was then Heinzendorf, Austria.

He spent his early youth in that rural setting, until age 11, when a local schoolmaster who was impressed with his aptitude for learning recommended that he be sent to secondary school in Troppau to continue his education. The move was a financial strain on his family, and often a difficult experience for Mendel, but he excelled in his studies, and in 1840, he graduated from the school with honors.

Following his graduation, Mendel enrolled in a two-year program at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olmütz. There, he again distinguished himself academically, particularly in the subjects of physics and math, and tutored in his spare time to make ends meet. Despite suffering from deep bouts of depression that, more than once, caused him to temporarily abandon his studies, Mendel graduated from the program in 1843.
That same year, against the wishes of his father, who expected him to take over the family farm, Mendel began studying to be a monk: He joined the Augustinian order at the St. Thomas Monastery in Brno, and was given the name Gregor. At that time, the monastery was a cultural center for the region, and Mendel was immediately exposed to the research and teaching of its members, and also gained access to the monastery’s extensive library and experimental facilities.

In 1849, when his work in the community in Brno exhausted him to the point of illness, Mendel was sent to fill a temporary teaching position in Znaim. However, he failed a teaching-certification exam the following year, and in 1851, he was sent to the University of Vienna, at the monastery’s expense, to continue his studies in the sciences. While there, Mendel studied mathematics and physics under Christian Doppler, after whom the Doppler effect of wave frequency is named; he studied botany under Franz Unger, who had begun using a microscope in his studies, and who was a proponent of a pre-Darwinian version of evolutionary theory.
In 1853, upon completing his studies at the University of Vienna, Mendel returned to the monastery in Brno and was given a teaching position at a secondary school, where he would stay for more than a decade. It was during this time that he began the experiments for which he is best known.