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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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مراقب عام سابقا
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (née Ericsson) (
Swedish pronunciation: (
listen
)), 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a
Swedish
author and screenwriter. As of December 2012, she is the world's 20th
[1]
most translated author and has sold roughly 145 million
[2]
copies worldwide. She is best known for the
Pippi Longstocking
,
Karlsson-on-the-Roof
and the
Six Bullerby Children
[3]
book series.
Biography
Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near
Vimmerby
,
Småland
and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories and landscapes. However,
Pippi Longstocking
, one of her most famous books, was set in
Gotland
.
Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Johnsson. She had two sisters and a brother, Gunnar Ericsson, who eventually became a member of the
Swedish parliament
.
Upon finishing school, Lindgren took a job with the a local newspaper in Vimmerby. When she became pregnant with the chief editor's child[
clarification needed
] in 1926, he proposed marriage. She declined and moved to
Stockholm
, learning to become a typist and
stenographer
(she would later write most of her drafts in stenography). In due time, she gave birth to her son, Lars, in
Copenhagen
and left him in the care of a foster family.
Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars, often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm.
In 1931, she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898–1952). Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who became a translator. The character Pippi Longstocking was invented for her daughter to amuse her while she was ill and bed-ridden. Lindgren later related that Karin had suddenly said to her, "Tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking," and the tale was created in response to that remark.
The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on
Dalagatan
, with a view over
Vasaparken
, where Lindgren lived until her death in 2002, at the age of 94.
[4]
Lindgren was almost
blind
a few years before her death.
Career</SPAN>
Lindgren worked as a journalist and secretary before becoming a full-time author. She served as a secretary for the
1933 Swedish Summer Grand Prix
.
In 1944 Lindgren won second prize in a competition held by the newly founded publishing house
Rabén & Sjögren
with her novel
Britt-Marie lättar sitt hjärta
(
Britt-Marie unburdens her heart
). A year later she won first prize in the same competition with the children's book
Pippi Långstrump
(
Pippi Longstocking
), which has since become one of the most beloved children's books in the world. She had already sent
Pippi Longstocking
to the Bonniers publishing house but it was rejected.
Pippi Longstocking
has been translated into 60 languages. While Lindgren almost immediately became a much appreciated writer, the irreverent attitude towards adult authority that is a distinguishing characteristic of many of her characters has occasionally drawn the ire of some conservatives.
The
women's magazine
Damernas Värld
sent Lindgren to the USA in 1948 to write short essays. Upon arrival she is said to have been upset by the discrimination against
Black Americans
. A few years later she published the book
Kati in America
, a collection of short essays inspired by the trip.
In 1956, she won the
Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis
.
In 1958, Lindgren became the second recipient of the
Hans Christian Andersen Award
, an international award for youth literature. On her 90th birthday, she was pronounced Swede of the Year by a radio show.
In its entry on
Scandinavian
fantasy
,
The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
named Lindgren the foremost Swedish contributor to modern children's fantasy.
[5]
Its entry on Lindgren summed up her work in glowing terms: "her niche in children's fantasy remains both secure and exalted. Her stories and images can never be forgotten."
[6]
Politics</SPAN>
In 1976, a scandal arose in Sweden when Lindgren's
marginal tax rate
was publicized to have risen to 102%. This was to be known as the "
Pomperipossa effect
" from a story she published in
Expressen
[7]
on 3 March 1976. The publication led to a stormy tax debate. In the parliamentary election later in the same year the
Social Democrat
government was voted out for the first time in 44 years, and the Lindgren tax debate was one of several controversies that may have contributed to this result.
Astrid, however, remained a
Social Democrat
for the rest of her life.
[8]
Astrid Lindgren was well known both for her support for
children's
and
animal rights
, and for her opposition to
corporal punishment
. In 1994, she received the
Right Livelihood Award
(also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), "...For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."
Honors and memorials</SPAN>
In 1967,
Rabén & Sjögren
established an annual
literary prize
, the Astrid Lindgren Prize, in connection with her 60th birthday. The prize,
SEK
40,000, is awarded to a
Swedish language
children's author, every year on her birthday in November.
Following Lindgren's death, the
government of Sweden
instituted the
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award
in her memory. The award is the world's largest monetary award for children's and youth literature, in the amount of five million
SEK
.
The collection of Astrid Lindgren's original manuscripts in
Kungliga Biblioteket
(the Royal Library),
Stockholm
, was placed on
UNESCO
's
World heritage
list in 2005.
On 6 April 2011, the
Bank of Sweden
announced that Lindgren's portrait will feature on the 20
kronor
banknote, beginning in 2014–15.
[9]
In the run-up to the announcement of the persons who would feature on the new banknotes, Lindgren's name had been the one most often put forward in the public debate.
"Astrid's Wellspring"</SPAN>
In memory of Astrid Lindgren, a memorial sculpture was created next to her childhood home, named "Källa Astrid" ("Astrid's Wellspring" in English). It is situated at the same place where Astrid Lindgren first heard
fairy tales
.
It consists of an artistic representation of a young person's head (1.37m high),
[10]
flattened on top, in the corner of a square pond, and, just above the water, a ring of rosehip thorn (with a single rosehip bud attached to it). The sculpture was initially slightly different in design and intended to be part of a fountain set in the city center, but the people of Vimmerby vehemently opposed the idea. Astrid Lindgren furthermore had stated that she never wanted to be represented as a statue. (However, there is a statue of Lindgren in the city center.) The memorial was sponsored by the culture council of Vimmerby.
Lindgren's childhood home is near the statue and open to the public.
[11]
Just 100 metres from "Astrid's Wellspring" is a museum in her memory. The author is buried in Vimmerby where the
Astrid Lindgrens World
theme park is also located. The children's museum
Junibacken
, Stockholm, was opened in June 1996, with the main theme of the permanent exhibition being devoted to Astrid Lindgren: the heart of the museum is a theme train ride through the world of Astrid Lindgren's novels.
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